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Explicitation 149 to find out whether translated texts in Hungarian exhibited a higher level of explicitness than non-translated texts in Hungarian. Technically, however, the two approaches were linked: five of the strategies identified in the first stage were taken in the second stage for further investigation and tested on the whole of the comparable corpus. Their selection was determined by the design of the corpus. As it is not annotated for parts of speech, only some of the strategies listed in Table 2, which lend themselves to frequency analysis, were selected for the second stage. Lexico-grammatical level, as a consequence, was entirely excluded. The strategies selected for further analysis: (1) addition and modification of punctuation marks (colon, semicolon, brackets), (2) addition of derivatives (közötti ‘among’ + [adjectival suffix],belüli‘in’ + [adjectival suffix], való‘being’); (3) addition of conjunctions (hogy ‘that’, aki ‘who’, ami‘which, that’, amely‘which, that’, pedig‘but’, azonban ‘however, although, yet’); (4) addition of conjunctions and cataphoric reference (az ..., hogy, arr*..., hogy, ann*..., hogy ‘that’ + demonstrative pronouns [with three different case endings]); and (5) addition of discourse particles (csak ‘only, just’, még‘still, yet’, is‘as well, too’, például‘for example’, így‘so’, tehát ‘consequently’). These were treated as features of explicitness when comparing translated and non-translated texts of the HHC (Table 4). To sum up, the sequence of the methods used goes from detailed, close-up analysis to more generaltechniquesofcorpusmethodology. 4. Results and discussion 4.1 The explicitation strategies In the analysis of the English STs and their Hungarian translations 16 types of explicitation strategies were identified and categorized. Findings suggest that shifts occur on each level of language from the logical-visual level to the textual and extra-linguistic levels (Table 2). The strategies identified at this stage of research were intended to cover most of the explicitation types, but they by no means present the full range of this translation strategy. They are sufficient, however, to provide a basis for the second analysis and also to show the variety of shifts on various language levels. Selected and limited examples of the strategies follow below; exemplifying each type of strategy would go beyond the scope of this study.
150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary of explicitation strategies detected in the parallel corpus (EHC) Levels Shifts Notes (reason/feature) 1. logical-visual relations 1. punctuation: addition and modification of punctuation marks 2. 1S*→ 2Ss,2Ss→ 1S 3. explanatory conjunctions: e.g. azaz (i.e.) conscious strategy &/or idiolect/language community style 2. lexico- 4. lexical repetition parallel structures grammatical 5. grammatical parallel structures 6. filling elliptical structures 7. reconstructing substitutions 8. English pronoun → Hungarian noun 3. syntactic I. 9. derivatives I.: lévő, való** additions caused by 10. derivatives II.: közötti, belüli structural non-equivalence in SL/TL 4. syntactic II. 11. addition of conjunctions additions caused by 12. addition of cataphoric reference & conjunction differences in language economy in SL/TL (e.g. use of lowergrade devices of l. economy), conscious strategy: making explicit what was implicit in ST 5. textual & 13. lexical explanation conscious strategy, extra-linguistic 14. discourse-organizing items language/genre conventions level 15. situational addition 16. culture-specific items with added information *S – sentence ** - for explanation see 4.1.3. 4.1.1 Shifts on the logical-visual level: punctuation marks Shifts in punctuation marks on the logical-visual level of text structure include instances of a) addition of a punctuation mark and b) replacing a punctuation mark with a stronger one. See example (1) for the former:
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
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Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
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52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Untypical frequencies in translated
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Page 109 and 110: 102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
Page 111 and 112: 104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
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Page 115 and 116: 108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
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Page 119 and 120: 112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
Page 121 and 122: 114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
Page 123 and 124: 116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
Page 125 and 126: 118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
Page 127 and 128: 120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
Page 129 and 130: 122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
Page 131 and 132: 124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
Page 133 and 134: 126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
Page 148: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 159 and 160: 152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161 and 162: 154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 163 and 164: 156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166: 158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168: 160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170: 162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172: 164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174: 166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
Page 175 and 176: 168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
Page 177 and 178: 170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
Page 179 and 180: 172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
Page 181 and 182: 174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
Page 183 and 184: 176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
Page 185 and 186: 178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
Page 187 and 188: 180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
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Page 191 and 192: 184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
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“Unique items” in learners’ t
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The fate of “The Families of Mede
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Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
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Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
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Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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