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Probabilistic explanations in translation studies 25 will be cognitive, others linguistic (or cross-linguistic, or textual), others communicational, still others – socio-cultural; and there may well be further sources of possible variables. It stands to reason that probabilistic reasoning and deterministic propositions would not concur: the one normally doesn’t tolerate the other. In fact, there is probably no single variable affecting translation which cannot be enhanced, mitigated, maybe even offset by the presence of another. This problem is compounded by the fact that, in actual reality, there will always be more than just two variables influencing each other and translation behavior as a whole. After all, a translator is male or female, older or younger, more or less experienced, more or less tired, under greater or lesser time-pressure, translating into a strong(er) or weak(er) language of his or hers, well- or less-well paid, belonging to a more or less tolerant society, and so on and so forth, all at once, not one at a time; a tangled knot which will have to somehow be unraveled, at least for methodological purposes, and its different constituents put in some hierarchical order: more and less potent, more and less translation-specific, and the like. Rather than being deterministic (i.e., having a format such as “if a then b”), the format most befitting our kind of probabilistic thinking is conditioned (see next Section). In principle, a reasonable ultimate goal for <strong>Translation</strong> Studies could well be to construct a system of interconnected, mutually conditioning statements, but it is certainly premature to say what such a system might look like. At this point, we don’t have so much as an exhaustive list of possible variables, not even a speculative, untested one. We cannot even be sure that all relevant variables have already been discovered. Even less can we say with any amount of certainty what variables are stronger and weaker vis-àvis translational behavior (in themselves, so to speak), how the members of different pairs of variables, especially those coming from different sources, act upon each other and what the results of that interaction are, or how one would move on from pairs to a more realistic network of variables and its influence on translational behavior. 6. The format of a conditioned statement in translation studies Since nothing can be accounted for unless we have a language for it, it would not be odd if we asked again what format a conditioned statement in <strong>Translation</strong> Studies is likely to have.
26 Gideon Toury The most basic format seems to be as follows: If1and2,and3,and...∞, then there is great likelihood that X (or else: small likelihood that no-X) where the numbers (1, 2, 3, . . . ∞) stand for the different variables which may have an effect on the selection of a translational behavior and X – for the kind of behavior actually opted for, or, more appropriately (from the point of view of most research paradigms, which are retrospective in nature), the external manifestations of its execution, as behavior is not really observable in any direct way. Another variant, which might be easier to use, would be: For example, Thepresenceof1,2,3,...∞ enhances the likelihood that X (or: reduces the likelihood that no-X) The coincidence of lack of experience (variable 1) and fatigue (variable 2) increases the likelihood that translational procedures will be applied to small and/or low-level textual-linguistic entities (or: reduces the likelihood that they will be applied to long and/or high-level ones, not to mention the text ‘as a whole’, which is a misleading concept anyway.) (Note that no claim to validity was made. This example was intended as an illustration of the format only, and questions of validity seem premature anyway. The same holds for the magnitude of the said increase (that is, the probability of the occurrence of each kind of behavior under each condition), and hence its statistical significance. All these, and much more, still await targeted research.) To be sure, even the second formulation is not really appropriate, if only because it reflects linear reasoning: the variables are taken up one by one and ordered consecutively, as if each one of them were operating with complete independence from all other variables. To be more acceptable, the formulation would have to take into account the above-mentioned possibility, if not likelihood, that the different variables may also affect each other. For instance: If 1 and 2, then the likelihood that X is greater than if only 1, and it is even greater when 3 is present too. The effect of 3 may be so strong that it completely overrides 1. The beginning of a more elaborate version of the previous example may look like this:
Page 2 and 3: Translation Universals
Page 4 and 5: Translation Universals Do they exis
Page 6 and 7: Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
Page 8 and 9: Introduction The search for univers
Page 10 and 11: Introduction 3 the main methodologi
Page 12 and 13: Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
Page 14 and 15: Introduction 7 of several frequent
Page 16 and 17: Introduction 9 For many, the term u
Page 18: Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
Page 22 and 23: Probabilistic explanations in trans
Page 40 and 41: Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
Page 42 and 43: Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
Page 44 and 45: Beyond the particular 37 characteri
Page 46 and 47: Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Page 56: Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
Page 59 and 60: 52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Untypical frequencies in translated
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102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
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104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
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106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
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108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
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110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
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112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
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114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
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116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
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118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
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120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
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122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
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124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
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126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
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Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
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146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
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148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
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150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
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152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
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154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
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156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
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158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
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160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
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162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
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164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
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166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
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168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
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170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
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172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
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174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
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176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
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178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
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182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
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184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
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What happens to “unique items”
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“Unique items” in learners’ t
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The fate of “The Families of Mede
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Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
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Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
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Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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