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Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín” 207 the translations collected in 2000, the Medellín translation has been one of the assessed translations in the translation course to ensure that the students take the task seriously. To ensure fairness, a particular group of students has always been given the same treatment as far the style instructions are concerned. The translations produced with instructions (N = 37) have been collected in 1996 and 2000, and the translations produced without instructions (N = 45) have been collected in 1996, 1999, and 2001. At present the material thus comprises a total of 82 translations. The style analysis sheet was prepared by Kari Honkanen when he collected the with-instructions material in 1996. The instruction sheet has been compiled from different Finnish sources, and it contains passages illustrating the use of cohesive devices (including repetition and contrast) and describing different classifications of text-types. The instruction sheet may not be ideal, and not necessarily what I would use now, but the same instruction sheet must be used to keep the translating situations as similar as possible. (Obviously different teachers create different learning environments, which is an unfortunate confound at this stage of the project; on the other hand, different teachers help to level out the “teacher effect” on the results.) Nevertheless, the instruction sheet contains the relevant information without unduly underlining the features at the focus of my research interests. That is, the instruction sheet allows sufficient room for the students’ creative thinking and problem-solving. The style analysis has been done in class before the deadline for the students’ translations to ensure that the students have really paid attention to the instructions, but they have not been explicitly told what to do when they translate the text. 3. Source text analysis The author of the source text, “The Families of Medellín”, is Oscar Calle who was born in Medellín, Colombia, but was living in the US at the time the text was published in Newsweek on 14 March, 1988. The text is argumentative: the author wishes to make a point. The author wishes to personalise drugrelated crime and drug-related deaths; while it is tempting to become immune to reports of violence abroad, the author wants to remind the readers that the distant victims of the drug trade are in fact somebody’s loved ones, members of somebody’s family. This can be illustrated by examples (1) and (2) from the source text. Example (1) is the second paragraph of the ST (the beginning of the first paragraph is presented in example (4) below) which comments on the assassination of a 28-year old man in Medellín.
208 Riitta Jääskeläinen (1) The news of his assassination was hardly noted in the newspapers in his hometown of Medellín, Colombia; they are so used to it – 16 of these killings take place every single week in that city. It was not mentioned in the newspapers of other Colombian cities; this news is no news anymore in a country where 11,000 of these murders take place every single year. The international wire services didn’t carry this event to their foreign affiliates; how many thousands of killings take place every single day in the world? Three paragraphs later, in example (2), we return to the young murder victim who, as it turns out, was the son of one of the author’s close friends. This fact is brought up after the author has established his own close personal relationship with Medellín. (2) I was born in Medellín. Many years ago I fell in love there. My first two children were born there. My father is buried there. I remember Christmas, birthdays, baptisms and funerals. And serenades at midnight. Medellín is also home for the so-called Medellín cartel, possibly the most powerful group of narcotraffickers in the world. It was the home, too, of the 28-year-old boy. His family is like my family. The father, Luis Fernando, is my friend who, not so long ago, drank aguardiente with me on nights of serenade. Last December he lost his son. To make his point, the author uses an interesting variety of stylistic devices: he combines autobiographical narration with expository prose. He adds local colour by using Spanish loan words, such as narcotraficantes, aguardiente,and corrida. Repetition of various kinds is a central device, often coupled with contrasts. Repetition is also the means by which the author carries across the main image or metaphor in the text, i.e. family and home. The text is built on contrasts between good vs. bad families, the home of good vs. bad things/people (see example (2) above), families then and now, which is illustrated in the following excerpts from the ST. The semantic network dealing with family/home is triggered by the headline “The Families of Medellín”, and further enhanced in the caption “The city where I was born and where my father is buried is also the hometown of the cocaine cartel.” The caption also expands the families mentioned in the headline into the good (=the author’s) vs. bad (=drug dealing) families (i.e. contrasts the families). The caption also contains a couple of extensions of the family/home image, also contrasted, i.e. the author and his birthplace,theauthor’sfather and his burial place. (These references to family affairs are repeated later, as shown by example (2) above.)
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
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Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
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52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
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104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
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106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
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108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
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110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
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112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
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114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
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116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
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118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
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120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
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122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
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124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
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126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
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Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
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146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
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148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
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150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
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152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
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154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
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Page 169 and 170: 162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
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Page 175 and 176: 168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
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Page 179 and 180: 172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
Page 181 and 182: 174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
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Page 185 and 186: 178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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Page 222 and 223: Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
Page 224: Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
Page 227 and 228: 220 Subject index G generalization
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Page 231: 47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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