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Untypical patterns in translations 121 to exhibit untypical lexical combinations, but this tendency is dependent on the source language and the analysed words. Grammatical combinations tend to be similar in translations and in non-translations, but the impact of the source language on proportions of colligates cannot be excluded. 7. Discussion The present paper has aimed to analyse and complement the hypothesis introduced by Mauranen (2000) and, furthermore, to introduce and test a procedure that could be used to investigate the universal tendencies in translations. The method used here was Three-Phase Comparative Analysis (TPCA), which shares similarities with Laviosa’s (Laviosa-Braithwaite 1996; Laviosa 1998a, b) and Mauranen’s (ibid.) analyses, but which clearly differs in the way the impact of one particular source language was analysed. In TPCA, there are three comparative processes: Firstly, the comparison between nontranslated texts and translations from several source languages, the aim of which was to find similarities and dissimilarities between non-translations and translated language in general. The second step was the comparison between non-translations and translations from one source language only, namely English. This phase aimed to test whether the results gained from the first phase could be interpreted as universal features or not. In the third and final phase, in turn, an attempt was made to clarify whether the texts translated from one source language exhibit characteristics different from those of translations in general. The analysis focused on three synonymous Finnish degree modifiers, that is the boosters hyvin, kovin and oikein, all meaning approximately ‘very’. Synonymous words were chosen because it has been claimed in several studies that synonyms might be treated differently in source texts and their translations and on the other hand, also in non-translations of a given language and in translations into the same language. Despite the fact that the primary aim of this chapter was to develop a methodology, the TPCA provided information on lexical and grammatical combinations both in non-translations and in translations and thus also offered information that could be used in research on wide-spread tendencies (universals) in translations. The results can be summarized as follows: no clear and consistent evidence for so-called translation universals could be found, but the results showed tendencies that might reflect the influence of the source language stimulus. To begin with, the overall frequencies seemed to show a clear SL independent tendency for overuse of degree modifiers in translations.
122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, the statistical tests showed that a source language may affect overall frequencies, and the hypothesis of a universal tendency was rejected. The analysis of collocations supported only partly the hypothesis of untypical lexical combinations in translations. First of all, translated texts, regardless of the source language, seemed to show dissimilar collocations compared to non-translated texts. This supports the hypothesis of untypicality. However, the actual collocations in texts from one source language turned out to be different from those in translations in general, which indicates that a source language may affect the lexical combinations. Perhaps surprisingly, this result was not consistent in the case of all synonymous degree modifiers, which indicates a clear influence of linguistic items on the results. The colligation analysis offered, again, results that do not support the hypothesis of a universal tendency. Although the translations exhibited almost the same grammatical patterning as non-translations, the translations from English differed in terms of the proportions of colligations. Consequently, the analyses of lexical and grammatical associations as well as overall frequencies gave partly contrasting and rather more complex findings compared to the earlier investigations. Thus, it seems that the hypotheses need to be refined and studied more specifically. What I suggest is that quantitative hypotheses should be distinguished from qualitative ones. The present study suggests that quantitative and qualitative analyses give partially contradictory results. For example, although overall frequencies are partly untypical in translations (typicality of frequencies), combinations may be typical as well as untypical (typicality of patterning). More interestingly, it was the proportions (quantity) of items that distinguished language variants in the colligation analysis, not their actual range (quality). The TPCA brings into the picture an important question about linguistic items which are focused to gain information on generalizations in translations. Although the present analysis and Mauranen’s study use comparable methods and focus on lexical items, the results of these studies are not parallel. Moreover, as seen in this chapter, even the results of the analysis of words all belonging to one group of synonymous words may reveal contrasting results. Thus, the interpretations based on lexical combinations must be made very carefully before further and wider investigations have been carried out. Apparently, it seems that the Three-Phase Comparative Analysis was a relatively useful and appropriate method for obtaining information about source language influence on frequencies and both lexical and grammatical patterning of degree modifiers in translations. However, some methodological points must be studied in the further analyses. For example, what is the impact
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
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Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
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52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Page 90 and 91: Untypical frequencies in translated
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Page 109 and 110: 102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
Page 111 and 112: 104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
Page 113 and 114: 106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
Page 115 and 116: 108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
Page 117 and 118: 110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
Page 119 and 120: 112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
Page 121 and 122: 114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
Page 123 and 124: 116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
Page 125 and 126: 118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
Page 127: 120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
Page 131 and 132: 124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
Page 133 and 134: 126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 157 and 158: 150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
Page 159 and 160: 152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161 and 162: 154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 163 and 164: 156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166: 158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168: 160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170: 162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172: 164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174: 166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
Page 175 and 176: 168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
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172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
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174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
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176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
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178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
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182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
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184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
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What happens to “unique items”
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“Unique items” in learners’ t
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The fate of “The Families of Mede
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Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
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Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
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Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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