Translation Universals.pdf - ymerleksi - home

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Untypical frequencies in translated language 89 b. Despite certain restrictions, the structure has an equivalent in English and Russian that can be productively paraphrased by a finite verb form (temporal construction). c. The structure has a clear straightforward equivalent in English and Russian that has no productive finite alternative (final construction). The factors mentioned are all common to English and Russian; Finnish is in this sense quite different from both. However, I will later mention features that differentiate English and Russian and show thatitisoftenthedissimilarities between these source languages that cause differences between translations from them. Now I will present my results concerning the differences in frequencies and distributions of referative, temporal and final constructions in translated and non-translated texts in more detail. 3.2.1 The referative construction The referative construction is used in Finnish to contract an affirmative that-clause with verbs such as see, hear, believe and say etc. It represents a syntactic structure which is specific to the Finnish language and which has no straightforward equivalent in Russian and English. As examples (1)– (2) illustrate, in Finnish you can choose between a finite verb form and its compact, non-finite counterpart (irrespective of the verb), but in Russian and English it is typical to prefer either a non-finite or a finite verb form in referative expressions, and a choice between interchangeable variants is quite rare (in English the verb see requires a non-finite and know a finite verb form, in Russian corresponding expressions call for finite verb forms in both cases). (1) F a. Näin Liisan lukevan kirjaa. non-finite b. Näin, että Liisa lukee kirja. finite R Ja videla, čto Liisa čitaet knigu. finite E I saw Liisa read/reading a book. non-finite (2) F a. Tiedän hänen tulleen. non-finite b. Tiedän, että hän on tullut. finite R Ja znaju, čto ona prišla. finite E I know (that) she has come. finite The results show that translations have a lower frequency of referative constructions than the original Finnish texts (Figure 1). This tendency is especially strong in translations from Russian. The under-representation of referative constructions in translations seems quite logical as there is no systematic infinitive stimulus in corresponding structures in the source languages.
90 Sari Eskola 3000 2604 2500 1869 2000 1500 1000 851 500 0 Figure 1. Frequencies of referative constructions TE-texts TR-texts OF-texts The time referred to in referative constructions shows some interesting differences between translations from different source languages (Figures 2– 3). In translations from Russian the frequencies of referative constructions in both the present and past tense are lower than in original texts. In translations from English especially structures used in the past tense are clearly underrepresented, but in the present tense differences between translations from English and original texts are not so large. 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1656 713 1845 TE-texts TR-texts OF-texts Figure 2. Frequencies of referative constructions in the present tense 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 213 138 759 TE-texts TR-texts OF-texts Figure 3. Frequencies of referative constructions in the past tense
Page 2 and 3:
Translation Universals
Page 4 and 5:
Translation Universals Do they exis
Page 6 and 7:
Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
Page 8 and 9:
Introduction The search for univers
Page 10 and 11:
Introduction 3 the main methodologi
Page 12 and 13:
Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
Page 14 and 15:
Introduction 7 of several frequent
Page 16 and 17:
Introduction 9 For many, the term u
Page 18:
Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
Page 22 and 23:
Probabilistic explanations in trans
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
Page 42 and 43:
Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
Page 44 and 45:
Beyond the particular 37 characteri
Page 46 and 47: Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
Page 48 and 49: Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
Page 50 and 51: Beyond the particular 43 representa
Page 52 and 53: Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
Page 54 and 55: Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
Page 56: Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
Page 59 and 60: 52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
Page 72 and 73: Corpora, universals and interferenc
Page 90 and 91: Untypical frequencies in translated
Page 106: Untypical frequencies in translated
Page 109 and 110: 102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
Page 111 and 112: 104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
Page 113 and 114: 106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
Page 115 and 116: 108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
Page 117 and 118: 110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
Page 119 and 120: 112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
Page 121 and 122: 114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
Page 123 and 124: 116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
Page 125 and 126: 118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
Page 127 and 128: 120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
Page 129 and 130: 122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
Page 131 and 132: 124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
Page 133 and 134: 126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
Page 146 and 147:
Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
Page 148:
Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
Page 151 and 152:
144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154:
146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156:
148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 157 and 158:
150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
Page 159 and 160:
152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161 and 162:
154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 163 and 164:
156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166:
158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168:
160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170:
162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172:
164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174:
166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
Page 175 and 176:
168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
Page 177 and 178:
170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
Page 179 and 180:
172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
Page 181 and 182:
174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
Page 183 and 184:
176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
Page 185 and 186:
178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
Page 187 and 188:
180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
Page 189 and 190:
182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
Page 191 and 192:
184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
Page 194 and 195:
What happens to “unique items”
Page 196 and 197:
“Unique items” in learners’ t
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
The fate of “The Families of Mede
Page 214 and 215:
Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
Page 224:
Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
Page 227 and 228:
220 Subject index G generalization
Page 229 and 230:
In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
Page 231:
47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
show all

Translation Universals.pdf - ymerleksi - home

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?