Translation Universals.pdf - ymerleksi - home

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Untypical patterns in translations 109 Mauranen contrasts non-translated language primarily with translations from only one source language (English), and secondly with non-English sources (multi-source-language corpus). Although the latter comparison turns to be problematic due to the smallish quantity of translational material in the study (Mauranen ibid. 128, 135–136), the study attempts and succeeds in developing the methodology. In contrast to TPCA, Mauranen does not include English in the multi-source-language corpus; on the contrary, she uses non-English sources to study the source language variable. However, from a methodological point of view, English should be included among the SLs in a multi-sourcelanguage corpus, if its purpose is to represent translational Finnish in general instead of representing only translations other than those from English. To some extent, Mauranen also compares the two translational corpora in order to gain information on frequencies and combinations in several source languages. This aim and procedure are not, however, the most urgent questions in her study. The last study that I would like to pick up, is Eskola’s (2002) investigation of non-finite verb forms in two mono-source-language corpora (translations from English and Russian into Finnish) and in one corpus of non-translated language (original Finnish). By contrasting the frequencies and patterns retrieved from two mono-source-language corpora, Eskola’s aim is to analyse the effect of one particular source language. Consequently, in the studies that have aimed to test and further revise the hypothesised universals of translation, several attempts have been made to obtain data on the impact of one specific source language. A summary of the different methods that have been exploited in analyses so far is presented in Table 1 below. The software used in the present analysis is a concordance package Concord in WordSmith Tools (Scott 1998). 6 This program is used to generate concordance lines that include the node word (keyword) and its closest original Table 1. Primary methods exploited for investigating the source language impact Researcher Procedure Laviosa (1996, 1998a) Comparison between a. language-group-specific SL corpora, and b. two-source-language corpus and mono-source-language corpora Mauranen (2000) Eskola (2002) Comparison of non-translations with a. English sources and b. non-English sources Comparison between two mono-source-language corpora
110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2. The span. “L” strands for the left and “R” for the right side, the numbers mark the distance from the node. (An approximate translation in brackets.) context. This Keyword in Context (KWIC) analysis is utilised to extract the immediate colligates and collocates of node words. After the relevant concordance lines (i.e. lines which include the node) are extracted from the corpus, they are sorted manually according to the word class in a given position. The span is limited to the space of two words to the left and two words to the right of the node. However, not only the words are counted but also the clause beginnings or ends, which could turn to be distinctive parameters in the analysis (see Figure 2). 3.2 Statistical procedures employed to analyse the similarity and difference On the grounds that “one can never be entirely sure that the observed differences between two groups of data have not arisen by chance due to the inherent variability in the data” (Oakes 1998:1), I have adopted a number of statistical procedures to avoid misconstructions of the data. The chi-square (x 2 )test 7 (Butler 1985; Oakes 1998) is used to test the significance of observed frequencies in different subcorpora. Furthermore, statistical methods are used to test the significance and strength of collocations. To measure the significance, there are several tests available, of which z-andt-scores and Mutual Information (I) are the most commonly used (Barnbrook 1996:94–100; for the range of tests, see also Oakes 1998). According to Barnbrook, it can be difficult or even impossible to select one test that best evaluates the significance of the collocation in question (ibid. 101). This view is shared by Stubbs (1995), who claims that tests can be confusing and they must be interpreted with care. Both Stubbs and Barnbrook suggest that to achieve a balance between different tests it is probably better to use more than one statistical measure. In his analysis, Barnbrook (ibid. 100– 101) reports that the three tests mentioned above provide different kinds of information on the significance of collocations: while both the z-score and the Mutual Information measures underline the significance of low frequency co-
Page 2 and 3:
Translation Universals
Page 4 and 5:
Translation Universals Do they exis
Page 6 and 7:
Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
Page 8 and 9:
Introduction The search for univers
Page 10 and 11:
Introduction 3 the main methodologi
Page 12 and 13:
Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
Page 14 and 15:
Introduction 7 of several frequent
Page 16 and 17:
Introduction 9 For many, the term u
Page 18:
Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
Page 22 and 23:
Probabilistic explanations in trans
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
Page 42 and 43:
Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
Page 44 and 45:
Beyond the particular 37 characteri
Page 46 and 47:
Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
Page 48 and 49:
Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
Page 50 and 51:
Beyond the particular 43 representa
Page 52 and 53:
Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
Page 54 and 55:
Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
Page 56:
Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
Page 59 and 60:
52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66: 58 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
Page 72 and 73: Corpora, universals and interferenc
Page 90 and 91: Untypical frequencies in translated
Page 106: Untypical frequencies in translated
Page 109 and 110: 102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
Page 111 and 112: 104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
Page 113 and 114: 106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
Page 115: 108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
Page 119 and 120: 112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
Page 121 and 122: 114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
Page 123 and 124: 116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
Page 125 and 126: 118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
Page 127 and 128: 120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
Page 129 and 130: 122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
Page 131 and 132: 124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
Page 133 and 134: 126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
Page 148: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 157 and 158: 150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
Page 159 and 160: 152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161 and 162: 154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 163 and 164: 156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166: 158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168:
160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170:
162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172:
164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174:
166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
Page 175 and 176:
168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
Page 177 and 178:
170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
Page 179 and 180:
172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
Page 181 and 182:
174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
Page 183 and 184:
176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
Page 185 and 186:
178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
Page 187 and 188:
180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
Page 189 and 190:
182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
Page 191 and 192:
184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
Page 194 and 195:
What happens to “unique items”
Page 196 and 197:
“Unique items” in learners’ t
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
The fate of “The Families of Mede
Page 214 and 215:
Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
Page 224:
Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
Page 227 and 228:
220 Subject index G generalization
Page 229 and 230:
In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
Page 231:
47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
show all

Translation Universals.pdf - ymerleksi - home

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?