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Subject index A ARRABONA corpus 147 B bilingual processing 67, 68, 79 BNC 58, 59 C cataphoric reference 160 causality 44 CEXI 54, 55, 60 Chemnitz 54 children’s literature 168, 169, 173, 174 clitic particle -hAn 181 clitic particle -kin 180 cohesion markers 166 cohesive devices 148, 152 colligates 118–121 colligation(s) 105, 118–120, 122, 130, 172, 173 collocate(s) 104, 105, 110, 111, 114–117, 129 collocation(s) 80, 104, 110, 111, 115–118, 122, 129, 130, 135, 136, 139, 140, 179 collocational framework 130 conditioned formulations 27 conjunction(s) 154, 156, 157, 160, 165, 167, 169–174 contextual restrictions 103, 104, 112 conventionality 1 corpus 2, 4–8, 18, 42, 46, 51–60, 70–73, 75–77, 79, 84, 85, 87, 101, 105–110, 129–135, 140, 145, 147, 148, 178, 179 comparable corpus 5, 42, 56–59, 73, 106, 107, 147–148 parallel corpus 4, 7, 54, 70, 131, 160 corpus-driven method 130 CTF – Corpus of Translated Finnish 65, 73, 87, 106 D degree modifiers 102, 103, 106, 111–115, 118, 119, 121–123 descriptive hypotheses 33, 44, 47 descriptive translation studies (DTS) 51 corpus-based DTS 53 disambiguation 1, 53 E English Comparable Corpus 58, 59 English-Swedish Parallel Corpus 131 explicitation 7, 20, 37, 40, 42, 43, 59, 144, 145, 148–150, 156, 157, 159, 160, 165, 166, 168, 174 explicitation strategies 7, 148–150, 159, 160 explicitness 7, 144, 145, 156–159 F frame(s) 195, 196 frequency, frequencies 17–20, 24, 28, 29, 72, 75, 88–96, 102, 104, 109–114, 121–124, 132–137, 156–159, 168–174, 179, 180 untypical frequencies 88, 102, 113, 114 frequency bands 75, 76
220 Subject index G generalization 43 genre(s) 4, 5, 54, 55, 59, 73, 74, 140, 157, 159, 173, 174, 179 graded scale of generality 21 I implicitation 20, 23, 159 implied rules of translation 199 interference 3, 5, 65–72, 76–80, 96, 188, 197, 198 law of interference 8, 40, 66, 72, 187, 188 SL-specific interference 78 L law(s) 4, 5, 9, 29, 52, 66, 68, 69, 79, 86, 96, 197 local 5, 18, 67, 70, 85–88 locative noun 136 P patterning 6, 55, 117, 122, 130, 140, 145, 156 colligational patterning 119 collocational patterning 129, 130 grammatical patterning 102, 104, 120, 122 lexical patterning 6, 41, 101, 102, 104, 118, 120, 122 untypical lexical patterning 40, 101, 102, 115, 120,122 postpositions 153 preferred choices 80 prescriptive 4, 34–36, 85 probabilistic explanations 24, 29 probabilistic formulations 27 probabilistic propositions 3, 29 probability, probabilities 15, 19–21, 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 85 prototypical translation 9, 20, 30 M metaphor 167, 211–213 grammatical metaphor 167 metaphorical extensions 209, 213 methodology 44, 53, 54, 60, 84, 102, 121, 148, 149 “missing words” 182 multicompetence 68, 79 N non-translated Finnish 102, 111, 112, 169, 195 nonfinite constructions 167 norm(s) 5, 18, 23, 45, 84–87, 156, 159, 160, 206 norm(s) of translation 84, 153, 213 preliminary norms 4, 53, 55, 58, 59 translation(al) norms 23, 160 O overrepresentation 6, 8, 80, 129, 134, 136–139 Q quality 36, 38, 46, 73 R readability 7, 144, 146, 168 realia 190, 192 regularity, regularities 5, 9, 16–19, 21, 22, 28, 29, 33, 84, 88, 143, 145 conditioned regularities 3, 29, 85 relative pronoun(s) 156, 166–170, 173 repertoremes 68 repetition 37, 38, 40, 45, 207–209, 211–213 avoidance of repetition 153, 205, 206 lexical and structural repetition 209 lexical repetition 150, 153, 211 S scene 195
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
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Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
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52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Untypical frequencies in translated
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102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
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104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
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106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
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108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
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110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
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112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
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114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
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116 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 4. T
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118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
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120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
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122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
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124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
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126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
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Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
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146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
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148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
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150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
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152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
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154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
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156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
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158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
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160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
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162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
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164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
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166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
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Page 179 and 180: 172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
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Page 185 and 186: 178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
Page 187 and 188: 180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
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Page 191 and 192: 184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
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Page 214 and 215: Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
Page 222 and 223: Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
Page 224: Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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Page 231: 47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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