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Untypical patterns in translations Issues on corpus methodology and synonymity Jarmo Harri Jantunen University of Joensuu The aim of this chapter is to examine and further develop the corpus-based and statistical methods that have been used in investigations of universal tendencies in translations. It also attempts to test and further revise the hypothesis of untypical lexical patterning in translations (Mauranen 2000). The focus is on synonymous words and their lexico-grammatical patterning in three subcorpora of Finnish Comparable Corpus of Fiction (FCCF), which is a subset of the Corpus of Translated Finnish (CTF). Synonymous items have been studied due to their interesting and problematic nature in translations discussed already in both pre-corpus and corpus-based studies. The analyses are accomplished by applying a Three-Phase Comparative Analysis (TPCA), which is designed especially to analyse the source language influence. The TPCA and statistical procedures established that no clear and consistent evidence for a universal untypical lexico-grammatical patterning could be found, rather they provided support for a source language dependent tendency. Finally, it is suggested that generalizations concerning translation universals must be done carefully since investigations already carried out seem to show contradictory results, and since even the results in a one single study show partly different tendencies depending on either patterns or items that have been focused on. 1. Introduction Corpus-based analyses have assisted investigations into various research questions in translation studies. One of the areas where corpus studies have already had a great impact is the study of translation universals (Baker 1993). 1 So far, the hypothesised universal features studied by using methods of corpus linguistics are simplification (Laviosa-Braithwaite 1996, 1997; Laviosa 1998a; Jantunen 2001a) and explicitation (Olohan & Baker 2000). In her recent study,
102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (2000) introduces a new candidate universal, namely untypical lexical patterning in translations: “it can – be suggested that lexical patterning which differs from that which is found in original target language texts might be a universal feature in the language of translations” (ibid. 136). Mauranen has reported that translations show both untypical frequencies of lexical items and untypical lexical patterning in translations. The former is manifested, for example, in the use of metatextual verbs (e.g. haluta ‘to want to’), which are used more frequently in translations than in non-translations. The latter tendency is illustrated by connector toisaalta (‘on the other hand’), whose lexical combinations in translations differ from those in non-translations. Furthermore, she notes (ibid. 128–129) that non-translated Finnish differs from translations from both English and non-English sources, which she interprets to indicate the independence of source language stimulus. The aim of the present paper is twofold. First of all, it attempts to develop further a methodology that could be used to analyse universal tendencies and the influence of source language. The method utilised here will also be linked to the relevant methods used earlier in the context of corpus-based translation studies. Secondly, it aims to refine and test further the hypothesis of untypical patterning in translations. Since lexis and grammar are interrelated and indisputably dependent on each other (see e.g. Sinclair 1991, 1998; Hoey 1997), the present analysis concentrates not only on lexical strings, but also on grammatical patterning, and attempts in this way to complement the picture of the possible untypical patterns in translations. The hypothesis, based on the earlier findings, is stated as follows: Compared to non-translated Finnish texts, translations into Finnish show (1) untypical frequencies of lexical items and (2) untypical lexical and grammatical combinations. The tendency takes place irrespective of the source language stimulus. This hypothesis is tested by studying the frequencies and lexico-grammatical association patterns of three synonymous Finnish degree modifiers, namely hyvin, kovin and oikein (all roughly meaning ‘very’). Synonymous words are chosen, since in the field of translation studies, a consistent analysis of nearly synonymous words is – to my knowledge – still missing. The present paper is an attempt to bridge the gap between the investigation of synonyms and corpus-based translation studies, and to link the method and results of this study to the earlier findings on the use of synonyms in translated texts. The choice of synonymous words in general and the degree modifiers in particular is discussed in more detail in the next sections. Although a quantitative analysis forms the basis for this investigation, a qualitative approach is also included in order to give a comprehensive description for the question.
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
Page 56: Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
Page 59 and 60: 52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
Page 72 and 73: Corpora, universals and interferenc
Page 90 and 91: Untypical frequencies in translated
Page 106: Untypical frequencies in translated
Page 111 and 112: 104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
Page 113 and 114: 106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
Page 115 and 116: 108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
Page 117 and 118: 110 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Figure 2.
Page 119 and 120: 112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
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Page 125 and 126: 118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
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Page 129 and 130: 122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
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Page 133 and 134: 126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
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150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
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152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
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154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
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156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
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158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
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160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
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162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
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164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
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166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
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168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
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170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
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172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
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174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
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176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
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178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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180 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Table 1.
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182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
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184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
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What happens to “unique items”
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“Unique items” in learners’ t
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The fate of “The Families of Mede
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Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
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Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
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Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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