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152 Vilma Pápai
4.1.2 Shifts on the lexico-grammatical level
One of the cohesive ties is substitution. Shift in example (2) moves from one
type of cohesive device to another, from substitution to lexical repetition.
Although substitution “is a source of cohesion with what has gone before”
(Halliday and Hasan 1976: 90), the translator did not rely on its anaphoric
reference and – probably for stylistic reasons – replaced it by a stronger
cohesive tie.
(2) As far as Kepler was concerned, elliptical orbits were
merely an ad hoc hypothesis, and a rather repugnant one at that, because
ellipses were clearly less perfect than circles.
Kepler az ellipszispályákat alkalmi hipotézisnek tekintette,
méghozzá fölötte visszataszító hipotézisnek, mivel az ellipszis
nyilvánvalóan tökéletlenebb a körnél.
Back translation: Kepler concerned elliptical orbits merely an ad hoc hypothesis,
and a most repugnant hypothesis at that, because an ellipsis is
clearly less perfect than a circle.
Reconstructing substitutions, i.e. replacing them by a noun head, however,
does not appear to be a compulsory shift when translating from English into
Hungarian, as shown in example (3):
(3) Then two astronomers-the German, Johannes Kepler, and
the Italian, Galileo Galilei- started publicly to support the Copernican
theory, despite the fact that the orbits it predicted did not quite match
the ones observed.
Két csillagász: a német Johannes Kepler és az olasz Galileo
Galilei nyilvánosan támogatni kezdte ezt a világképet, annak ellenére,
hogy a Kopernikusz által megjósolt pályák nem minden esetben feleltek
meg a megfigyelteknek.
Back translation: Two astronomers: the German, Johannes Kepler, and
the Italian, Galileo Galilei started publicly to support this theory, even
though the orbits predicted by Copernicus did not in each case match
the observed ones.
The analysis of strategies on the lexico-grammatical level is based on Halliday
and Hasan’s typology of cohesive devices (1976) with the type of grammatical
parallel structures established to cover several instances found in EHC.
Findings suggest that shifts occur in each type of cohesive devices in the
English STs. They are replaced by different cohesive ties in the Hungarian