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<strong>Translation</strong>-specific lexicogrammar? 131 From the above it follows that although maintaining control of the status of the corpus material is important in a corpus-based investigation, it is of even more fundamental importance in a corpus-driven investigation. The potential of the corpus to yield results that are relevant to the research question is even more crucial in a corpus-driven study than in a corpus-based study for the reason that the researcher must take all of the results into account in description and analysis, and for the reason that theoretical statements are made on the basis of corpus evidence alone. For these reasons, it is of vital importance that the corpus is representative of the type of material of which it is proposed to be representative. In the case of an investigation of translated vs. original fiction texts, for instance, it is important that texts are representative of non-translated and translated text, respectively, and that “comparable” texts are as comparable as possible in terms of genre etc, although complete comparability can never be achieved, and although there is a multitude of problems associated with establishing comparability in translation corpora (cf. Laviosa 1997). The corpus used for this study is the fiction part of the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus (ESPC), a combined comparable and aligned parallel corpus of English and Swedish original and translated fiction and non-fiction texts. The fiction corpus subcomponents used are each composed of 10–15,000 word extracts taken from 25 novels. The two comparable Swedish original and translated subcorpora contain 308,160 and 346,649 words, respectively. There are three text type categories in the fiction part of the corpus – general fiction, crime and mystery and children’s fiction – and the English and Swedish texts are matched in terms of genre, although the match is not complete in some respects. The greatest difference between subcorpora is found in the children’s fiction category, where there are five English originals and one Swedish original. In the other fiction categories, category differences are smaller (see Altenberg, Aijmer, & Svensson 2001). An important issue pertaining to the textual status of the corpus is the fact that it is composed of extracts taken from the beginnings of novels, rather than of entire texts. It has been pointed out in other contexts that some textual features tend to be unevenly distributed in book-length texts (Sinclair 1991:19). This limits the range of studies that can be made using the ESPC, e.g. stylistic studies and studies of low frequency items. For other types of study, such as the present one, it can be assumed that there is an acceptable basic level of representativity, since this study is an investigation of highfrequency grammatical items that are likely to be fairly evenly distributed in longer texts. Further, the main focus in the investigation is on general features
132 Per-Ola Nilsson English originals Swedish translations Swedish originals English translations Figure 1. TL-TL frequency comparison and TL-SL qualitative analysis in translation, and a corpus consisting of many extracts is better suited to capturing generalities than a corpus of the same size consisting of a smaller number of complete texts, where individual author and translator styles are likely to have greater impact on distributions. The aim of this paper is to describe and briefly discuss the specific distribution of constructions involving the frequent Swedish grammatical word av (‘of’, ‘by’) in Swedish fiction texts translated from English. A range of collocational frameworks involving the word are described, one of them in some detail, and some attention is also devoted to specific cases of lexical words intervening in the frameworks. The sense in which this study is corpus-driven is that frequencies are allowed to decide the object of study, on a general level as well as in more specific cases. The methodological starting-point of the investigation is to use differences in quantitative distributions between the Swedish comparable original and translated subcorpora in order to see what is quantitatively specific to the translated texts (diagonal arrow in Figure 1 above). The next step is to go back to the English originals of the Swedish translations to investigate the possible causes of specific TL distributions (horizontal arrow in Figure 1). This means that the method is TL oriented in the sense that it involves starting from the TL rather than from the SL. The latter is the perspective more frequently opted for in earlier cross-linguistic studies of original texts and their translations. Much recent translation research, however, has a stronger focus on the translated text as an artefact of the target culture (cf. e.g. Toury 1995). The difference between the two perspectives is illustrated in Figure 2. Method 1 results in a picture of a well-defined SL pattern being rendered as a paradigm of translational solutions in the TL. Method 2 gives a different
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Translation Universals
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Translation Universals Do they exis
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Table of contents Introduction 1 I.
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Introduction The search for univers
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Introduction 3 the main methodologi
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Introduction 5 tious corpus would w
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Introduction 7 of several frequent
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Introduction 9 For many, the term u
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Introduction 11 Toury, Gideon (1991
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Probabilistic explanations in trans
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Beyond the particular* Andrew Chest
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Beyond the particular 35 6. A trans
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Beyond the particular 37 characteri
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Beyond the particular 39 Contributi
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Beyond the particular 41 A crucial
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Beyond the particular 43 representa
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Beyond the particular 45 or unclear
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Beyond the particular 47 What we ne
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Beyond the particular 49 Schulte, R
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52 Silvia Bernardini and Federico Z
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Corpora, universals and interferenc
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Page 109 and 110: 102 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen (
Page 111 and 112: 104 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 2.2 Lexica
Page 113 and 114: 106 Jarmo Harri Jantunen eighth day
Page 115 and 116: 108 Jarmo Harri Jantunen second pha
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Page 119 and 120: 112 Jarmo Harri Jantunen synonymous
Page 121 and 122: 114 Jarmo Harri Jantunen items comp
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Page 125 and 126: 118 Jarmo Harri Jantunen translatio
Page 127 and 128: 120 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Table 7. T
Page 129 and 130: 122 Jarmo Harri Jantunen However, t
Page 131 and 132: 124 Jarmo Harri Jantunen 13. The bo
Page 133 and 134: 126 Jarmo Harri Jantunen Mauranen,
Page 136 and 137: Translation-specific lexicogrammar?
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Page 151 and 152: 144 Vilma Pápai It is in the last
Page 153 and 154: 146 Vilma Pápai Table 1. Summary o
Page 155 and 156: 148 Vilma Pápai (Sinclair 1991:13-
Page 157 and 158: 150 Vilma Pápai Table 2. Summary o
Page 159 and 160: 152 Vilma Pápai 4.1.2 Shifts on th
Page 161 and 162: 154 Vilma Pápai part of speech and
Page 163 and 164: 156 Vilma Pápai his former prison
Page 165 and 166: 158 Vilma Pápai Table 4. Frequency
Page 167 and 168: 160 Vilma Pápai In addition, consi
Page 169 and 170: 162 Vilma Pápai PA Porter, A. 1997
Page 171 and 172: 164 Vilma Pápai Ishikawa, Luli (19
Page 173 and 174: 166 Tiina Puurtinen (1996) and Bake
Page 175 and 176: 168 Tiina Puurtinen (1) Hän katsoi
Page 177 and 178: 170 Tiina Puurtinen conditional: jo
Page 179 and 180: 172 Tiina Puurtinen Table 2. Occurr
Page 181 and 182: 174 Tiina Puurtinen (5) Lisko voisi
Page 183 and 184: 176 Tiina Puurtinen Mauranen, Anna
Page 185 and 186: 178 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit equivale
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182 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit do not t
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184 Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Östman,
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What happens to “unique items”
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“Unique items” in learners’ t
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The fate of “The Families of Mede
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Thefateof“TheFamiliesofMedellín
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Author index A Adab 1 Aijmer 131 Al
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Author index 217 Schäffner 1, 38,
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220 Subject index G generalization
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In the BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRAR
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47. SAWYER, David B.: Fundamental A
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