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Valor N&o al Presente. El criteria de1 valor neto<br />

al presente (NPV), asi <strong>com</strong>a la proportion B/C, incor-<br />

pora todos 10s datos economicos pertinentes en una<br />

cifra consistente que da la regla de base para la<br />

decision permitiendo el discernimiento y el estableci-<br />

miento de! rango de 10s proyectob.<br />

El procedimiento general es el de determinar el<br />

valor presente (al moment0 de realizar el primer<br />

gasto) de las corrientes futuras de1 flujo de beneficios<br />

netos. El criteria para decidir descartar un proyecto<br />

es e! de rehusarlo si el NPV es iguai o menor que<br />

cero. Sin poner restricciones sobre la cantidad de<br />

capital disponible para ei proyecto, el proyecto con el<br />

m&s alto NPV es el de m&s alto rango. Si se<br />

restringe el capital, <strong>com</strong>a muy bien pudiera ser el<br />

case, el proyecto que tenga el m&s alto NPV dentro<br />

presupuesto restringido es el que recibe el mas alto<br />

rango.<br />

n<br />

NPV= r (NBi/(l + k)t)<br />

i=O<br />

donde NBi = beneficios netos durante el ano i.<br />

Para el ejemplo presentado en la Tabla 2, el NPV<br />

es igual a $207,330 ($771,194-118,864~$375,000) un<br />

valor positivo que indica la fisibilidad de1 proyecto.<br />

Analisis de Sensibilidad<br />

El analisis de sensitividad, cuando se aplique a 10s<br />

criterios de decisi6n de la inversi6n tales <strong>com</strong>a la pro-<br />

porci6n B/C o en NPV, podra ser definido <strong>com</strong>a la<br />

investigaci6n de1 impact0 de ios criterios de decisi6n<br />

de las variaciones en 10s parametros importantes de1<br />

proyecto, tomados uno por vez. El analisis es muy<br />

dtil para examinar el grado al cual la viabilidad total<br />

de1 proyecto podria ser afectado por cambios en 10s<br />

par&metros cuyos valores pueden variar.<br />

El procedimiento es el de determinar el rango<br />

sobre el cual el par&metro investigado pueda variar.<br />

El valor de1 criteria de la decisi6n es calculado<br />

entonces sobre e! rango de1 pa&metro.<br />

Los resultados usualmente se despliegan<br />

graficamente y se usa una variedad de diserios. La<br />

Figura 1 es un ejemplo de un metodo utilizado por<br />

10s autores de este artkulo, que permite el despliegue<br />

simukneo de todos 10s &lculos de sentividad. El eje<br />

vertical indica la proporcidn de1 par&metro que var$a<br />

al valor de la base. Por ejemplo; cuando 10s beneficios<br />

se reducen a un 80% de su vaior de base. la propor-<br />

ci6n B/C de1 proyecto cae a 1.09.<br />

111<br />

a time. The analysis is very useful for examining<br />

the degree to which the overall project desirabil‘i-<br />

ty could be affected by changes in parameters<br />

whose values may vary.<br />

The procedure is to determine the range over<br />

which the parameter being investigated might<br />

vary. The value of the decision criteria is then<br />

calculated over the range of the parameter.<br />

The results are usually displayed graphically<br />

and a variety of iayouts are used. Figure 2 is an<br />

example of a method used by the authors which<br />

allows the simultaneous display of all the sen-<br />

sitivity calculations. The vertical axis displays the<br />

ratio of the parameter being varied to the base<br />

value. For example, when the benefits are reduc-<br />

ed to 80 percent of their base value, the project’s<br />

B/C ratio falls to 1.09.<br />

Some of the variables whose effect on the pro-<br />

ject might be investigated are <strong>com</strong>pleted cost,<br />

operation and mintenance costs, interest rates,<br />

and the initial value of the project’s energy.<br />

Financial halysis<br />

The purpose of financial analysis for any project,<br />

not just decentralized small hydro development,<br />

is to determine a project’s cash flow position<br />

taking into account the project’s cost of<br />

money. The analysis will show that the project is<br />

either self-supporting (and consequently may<br />

qualify for financing from a broader spectrum of<br />

funding sources), or that the project cannot meet<br />

all of its financial <strong>com</strong>mitments. If this is the<br />

case, the financial anal ysis will show the extent<br />

of the project deficit,<br />

to meet this deficit.<br />

allowing plans to be made<br />

Financial analysis is performed by <strong>com</strong>paring<br />

project cash receipts with cash disbursements<br />

on an annual or more frequent basis. The<br />

analysis accounts for debt service but neglects<br />

noncash items such as depreciation. Depending<br />

on the country involved and the type of organization,<br />

tax effects may or may not be important.<br />

Table 3 illustrates financial analysis using the example<br />

data previously presented. Note that even<br />

a project with a desirable B/C ratio can run a<br />

deficit in tis initial years.<br />

An important <strong>com</strong>ponent of an initial financial<br />

investigation is the identification of potential<br />

lending agencies. For small decentralized hydro<br />

nrniects I-‘ -,---- ifl Latin . . Amwira ..,, -..wb., intwns+innal .*I..dII,U~m”IIYI 3~ we!! 2s<br />

domestic financing is a possibility. The World<br />

Bank is a major potential source of funds. The

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