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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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especialmente de acuerdo a la caracten’stica de1<br />

equip0 de 10s diferentes manufactureros que se han<br />

especializado en la fabrication de estos grupos, <strong>com</strong>a<br />

Gilbert Gilkes y Gordon Ltd., (Inglaterra), Ossberger<br />

(Alemania), Leroy Somer (Francis), Allis Chalmers<br />

(USA), debiendo advert&e que cada tipo de fabrica-<br />

cidn requiere de una obra civil tipica, anotandose<br />

principalmente una diferencia de costos considerable<br />

en el equipo, cuando se tratan de grupos alojados en<br />

casas de fuerza o al aire libre; obviamente grupos de<br />

baja caida requieren cortas tubetias de presidn en<br />

relation a grupos de altas caidas. Como datos infcr-<br />

mativos obtenidos de cotizaciones de equip0 y obras<br />

civiles estimadas podemos citar 10s siguientes<br />

ejemplos: (cifras de fines de 1979).<br />

Grupo conventional de baja caida 48 kW (6 m,<br />

1200 ltslseg)<br />

costo de1 equipo: US$98.000<br />

costo de la obra civil: US$12.20G<br />

Grupo bulbo 36 kW (5.5 m. 1.100 ltslseg)<br />

costo de1 equipo: US$37.200<br />

costo de la obra civil: US$11.130<br />

Grupo conventional de alta caida 32 kW, (100 m.<br />

50 ltslseg)<br />

cost0 de1 equipo: US$98.640<br />

Los costos no incluyen tuber% de presion. En vista<br />

de la poca experiencia en la instalacibn de estos<br />

grupos en el Ecuador, 10s costos de1 equip0 y de la<br />

obra civil seran objet0 de un estudio y muy in-<br />

teresante, que desde luego debe ser tornado en cuen-<br />

ta antes de emprender el programa de promotion y<br />

construction de mini-centrales. Hay que anotar sin<br />

embargo, que ahorros en 10s estudios, diseno de 10s<br />

mismos podrian estar a la vista, asi <strong>com</strong>a la ventaja<br />

innegable de1 corto period0 de construction.<br />

El Marco Institutional<br />

Volviendo nuevamente a la historia (decada -<br />

1950-1960), observamos que la solution local para el<br />

abastecimiento de energia por pequenas centrales<br />

hidroelectricas de aquellos municipios, cantones, etc.,<br />

pas6 a constituir responsabilidad national por medio<br />

de INECEL y de las empresas Electricas por el con-<br />

formadas. Esto significo una centralizacijn total o<br />

localizada de la generation y <strong>com</strong>ercializacibn de la<br />

energia.<br />

Esta centralization se facilita cuando el nlimero de<br />

unidades de generation es manejable, pero que in-<br />

volucra desde este punto de vista un programa de<br />

mini-cent&es o centrales de pequena capacidad?<br />

Esto induce de nuevo a una decentralization de la<br />

283<br />

of a simple intake, a canal, a standard pressure<br />

tank, a penstock and powerhouse or a small load<br />

reservoir for bulb-type turbines. The costs of the<br />

equipment and civil works vary, particularly in ac-<br />

cordance with the characteristics of the equip-<br />

ment sold by the various manufacturers specializ-<br />

ing in the manufacture of these groups, such as<br />

Gilbert Gilkes and Gordon Ltd. (England),<br />

Ossberger (Germany), Leroy-Somer (France), Allis<br />

Chalmers (USA). It should be pointed out that<br />

each type of equipment manufacture requires a<br />

typical civil work and that large differences in the<br />

cost of the equipment depend primarily upon<br />

whether the groups are installed in powerhouses<br />

or out of doors. Obviously, low head groups re-<br />

quire short penstocks when <strong>com</strong>pared with high<br />

head groups. As informative data obtained from<br />

equipment quotations and estimated civil works<br />

costs, we may give the following examples<br />

(figures corresponding to the end of 1979).<br />

Standard low head group - 48 kW (6m, 1200<br />

Its per second)<br />

Equipment cost: US$98,000<br />

Civil works cost: US$12,200<br />

Bulb Group - 36 kW (5.5m 1,100 Its per se-<br />

cond)<br />

Equipment cost: US$37,200<br />

Civil works cost: US$11,130<br />

Standard high head group - 32 kW (loom, 50<br />

Its per second)<br />

Equipment cost: US$98,640.<br />

These costs do not include the penstock. In<br />

view of the limited experience in installing these<br />

groups in Ecuador, the costs of the equipment<br />

and civil works should be the subject of a very in-<br />

teresting study. Of course, these should be taken<br />

into consideration before undertaking a mini-<br />

power plant promotion and construction program.<br />

Nevertheless, it should be emphasized that there<br />

are potential savings in the studies and design of<br />

mini-powerplants, as well as the undeniable ad-<br />

vantage of the shorter period of construction.<br />

Institutional Framework<br />

Returning again to the past (1950-1960 decade),<br />

we see that the local solution for energy supply<br />

through small hydroelectric plants in the<br />

municipalities, counties, etc., became a national<br />

responsibility entrusted to INECEL and the elec-<br />

tric power enterprises which it created. This

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