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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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Tuberia<br />

La Tuberia tendra 10s siguientes diametros<br />

para 500 l/s : 45 cm<br />

para 250 l/s : 35 cm<br />

para 150 l/s : 25 cm<br />

En terreno tendido (30” 6 menos de inclination<br />

media) se aumentar6 el digmetro de Tuberia en 5<br />

cm., para disminuir las pkrdidas por friccidn en las<br />

Tuberias.<br />

El espesor de las planchas serg de l/8 U en ctidas<br />

hasta de 50 m., y mayor solo en ias tramos inferiores<br />

de plantas con caidas mayores.<br />

Casa de Mkpinas<br />

Las dimensiones de la casa de maquinas depende<br />

de las medidas de la maquinaria y sus fundaciones<br />

serhn indicadas generalmente por 10s fabricantes de<br />

&ta.<br />

Conviene applicar, para las Centrales pequeiias,<br />

tipos de construction economica y con materiales, de<br />

acuerdo con la region en que esti ubicada. Cuando se<br />

in&alar! varios grupos de generacidn (Turbinas-<br />

Generadores) se debe dejar entre estos suficiente<br />

espacio para no dificultar el trabajo de revisiones y<br />

reparaciones en cualquiera de estos distancia<br />

re<strong>com</strong>endable 1.50 2 m); y disponer suficiente espacio<br />

para el montaje de ellos.<br />

Canales de Uemasia (Aliviador) y de Descarga<br />

El Canal de Demasia (Aliviador) devuelve de la<br />

Taza al tie las aguas sobrantes, no usadas para la<br />

Generacidn de Energia. Se construye generalmente<br />

con fuerte declive, con se&on-suficiente para con-<br />

ducir el cauda! mkximo qde pdeda entrar a la Taza.<br />

Como Segundo tramo de1 canal se usara muchas<br />

veces una quebrada u ollada natural, sin revesti-<br />

miento si es rocosa o tiene subsuelo e&able que se<br />

limpiara por la erosion de aguas que - llevark<br />

El Canal de Descarga devuelve al rio las aguas tur-<br />

binadas que salen de la Central. Cuando hay m&s de<br />

una Turbina sus descargas confltiran hacia este<br />

Canal; salvo cuando hay muy poca distancia al rio,<br />

case en el cual la descarga de cada Turbina desem-<br />

bocara directamente en cste. Para evitar la erosion<br />

de las desembocaduras, &tas deben construirse con<br />

revestimiento fuerte y generalmente se requeriran<br />

obras de defensa en la orilla de1 rio, seg%in las condi-<br />

ciones locales.<br />

153<br />

length and depth of the forebay, so that the sur-<br />

face of the sand trap remains the same and the<br />

speed of the water does not go above 20 cm/s<br />

(See Sand Trap Table).. The intake to the<br />

penstock, protected by a fine screen and a gate,<br />

should be 80 cm under the surface of the water<br />

at the forebay and have the shape of a funnel<br />

with rounded edges.<br />

Penstock<br />

The penstock will have the following<br />

diameters:<br />

for 500 I/s : 45 cm<br />

for 250 I/s : 35 cm<br />

for 150 I/s : 25 cm<br />

In extended terrain, (an average slope of 30”<br />

or less) the diameter of the penstock should in-<br />

crease by 5 cm to decrease the loss due to fric-<br />

tion in the pipe.<br />

The penstock pipe should be 118” thick for<br />

heads of up to 50m, and should only be bigger in<br />

the lower sections of plants with higher heads,<br />

Piowerhoiise<br />

The size of the powerhouse depends on the<br />

size of the machines and the foundations<br />

generally will be specified by the manufacturers.<br />

At small hydropower stations, economic con-<br />

struction methods should be used with local<br />

materials depending on what is available in the<br />

region where they are located. When several tur-<br />

bine generators are to be installed, enough space<br />

should be left between them to facilitate inspec-<br />

tion and repair work on either of them (re<strong>com</strong>-<br />

mended distance 1.50 to 2.00 m) and to provide<br />

enough space to install them.<br />

Spillway Canal and Tailrace<br />

The spillway canal returns the excess waters,<br />

that water which has not been used for energy<br />

generation, from the forebay to the river. It is<br />

generally constructed with a slope steep enough<br />

to carry the maximum flow which could enter the<br />

forebay. A natural ravine can frequently be used<br />

as a second stretch of the canal without lining if<br />

it is rock or if it has a stable subsoil which will<br />

be cleaned by erosion.<br />

The tailrace returns to the river the water that<br />

has gone through the turbine. When there is<br />

more than one turbine, their tailwaters should<br />

converge towards a <strong>com</strong>mon tailrace. When there<br />

is very little distance to the river, the tailwater<br />

will be discharged directly into it. To prevent ero-

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