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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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rango de 3 a 5 pies por Segundo o m&s, el kea de<br />

escape de la secci6n transversal en el cafio de protecci6n<br />

contra la pulsacidn debe ser por lo menos 75%<br />

de1 area de1 flujo de la caiieria de presi6n.<br />

Por esta raz6n, adem& de otras, es necesario<br />

gastar m&s dinero para que las caiierias de presi6n<br />

Sean de mayor tamafio de lo que se necesite para<br />

poder mantener las velocidades de la corriente tan<br />

bajos <strong>com</strong>a sea posible. La regla general es la de<br />

mantener la ctieria de presi6n lo m8s grande, lo mfis<br />

corta y tan vertical eomo sea posible.<br />

Se debe elevar una ramificacitn o extensi6n de la<br />

cafieria de presi6n por debajo de1 punto de partida de<br />

la turbina. Se la debe llevar para abajo donde est&n<br />

10s cimientos de modo que no se deposite peso alguno<br />

sobre el marco de la turbina. Se debe tomar medida<br />

para drenar la ramificaci6n de la cafietia de presi6n<br />

asi que se evite acumulaci6n de1 material que pase la<br />

rejilla protectora contra basura y vaya a la turbina.<br />

Si la velocidad es baja en la caiietia, de presi6h no<br />

haby gran pkrdida a la entrada a la turbina a 90<br />

grados. Se ahorrar;ln muchas horas de reparaci6n<br />

mediante la in&ala&n de esta extensi6n y<br />

manteniendola libre de basuras. Sobre t.odo, se prolongarti<br />

la vida litil de las bows, <strong>com</strong>puertas y<br />

rotores.<br />

Sen’a conveniente ofrecer algunas palabras de guia<br />

respect0 a la rejilla protectora contra basura antes de<br />

proceder a la instalaci6n de la turbina. Primero, la rejilla<br />

debe tener un gngulo de inclinacibn de 45 a 60<br />

grados en la direcci6n de la corriente. Segundo, la rejilla<br />

debe colocarse a suficiente distancia aguas arriba<br />

por encima de las <strong>com</strong>puertas de modo que cada cual<br />

pueda ser reparda dejando -a otra en operaci6n. Por<br />

tiltimo, se debe extender ha.sta la reji!la un punto por<br />

encima de la pared lateral de la antecamara de mode /<br />

que las ramas, hojas, etc. ruedan ser rastrilladas<br />

separgndolas de1 paso de1 flujo de1 agua. Hay consideraciones<br />

relativas al hielo que no conciernen a<br />

este documento, pero en general, el hielo no constituye<br />

aumento en la dificultad de la operaci6n de la<br />

rejilla sino m8s bien una disminuci6n porque no hay<br />

hojas que caigan, etc.<br />

-<br />

Una buena rejilla protectora contra basura debe<br />

tener mucha importancia para el operador. Debe ser<br />

suficientemente fuerte corn0 para soportar la presi6n<br />

de1 agua alin cuando esti totalmente tapada con<br />

ramitas y hojas, etc. Debe filtrar el material que no<br />

se desea que past r-n el ag-da entra en la turbina, y<br />

atin tenet- suficiente kea de flujo para permitir el<br />

paso de1 agua sin p&rdida significativa en la caida.<br />

Otra regla basica es la de suminstrar un kea de flujo<br />

en la rejilla protectora contra basuras igual a tres<br />

161<br />

the turbine installation. First the rack should be<br />

inclined in the direction of flow to an angle oi 45<br />

to 60 degrees. Second the rack should be placed<br />

far enough up-stream of the headgate so that<br />

each is repairable with removal of the other. Last-<br />

ly, the rack should be extended to a point above<br />

the top of the forebay sidewall so that twigs,<br />

leaves, etc. can be raked away from the water<br />

flow-path. There are ice considerations that are<br />

not deemed to be appropriate to this paper, but<br />

in the main, ice does not constitute an increase<br />

in the rack operating difficulty, but a decrease<br />

due to lack of falling leaves, etc.<br />

A good trash rack must be many things tc the<br />

operator. It must be strong enough to withstand<br />

the water pressure even if it were to be<strong>com</strong>e<br />

blinded by twigs, leaves, etc. It must strain the<br />

unwanted material from the turbine inlet water,<br />

yet have enough flow area to permit water<br />

through without significant loss of head. Another<br />

rule is to provide flow area in the trash rack<br />

equal to three times the flow area of the head<br />

gate to the penstock.<br />

A suitabie rack design for SDH plants in the<br />

tropics uses strap-metal ons quarter of an inch in<br />

thickness, two to three inches wide and any<br />

length up to about ten feet, as needed. These<br />

straps are placed on edge (to the flow) and spzt-<br />

/ ed one-half inch apart. The fastest method today 1’+<br />

is to weld the slats up in bundles about 12<br />

inches wide and then insert the bundles into a<br />

frame similar to a door frame. Thus they can be<br />

removed individually<br />

Keep a spare!<br />

for repair, maintenance, etc.<br />

It is always desirable to install a quick-closing<br />

valve on the turbine inlet. If a penstock is short<br />

and the head-gate is nearby, you may be able to<br />

get along without using such a valve, but it is<br />

valuable in repair and service work. This is<br />

especially true when working on the governor,<br />

gates, etc. We like to see the next larger valve<br />

size above the turbine inlet flange sizing.<br />

Notwithstanding all of the foregoing, the real<br />

challenge of the SDH plant is the installation of<br />

the system which will recover an optimum of<br />

power from the head and flow available - and<br />

recover it continuously over a long maintenancefree<br />

period. To meet this challenge, we must<br />

study certain problems and adopt specific procedures<br />

related to SDH. The rules to stay out of<br />

trouble are:<br />

1. Whenever possible, mount the turbine and

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