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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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Seleccih de1 Disetio de1 Voltaje<br />

En 10s E&ados Unidos hay cuatro variedades<br />

mayores de voltaje para equipos de distribucibn: 5<br />

kV; 15 kV; 25 kV y 35 kV. La mayoria de 10s<br />

sistemas electricos rurales usan equip0 de 15 kV.<br />

Ceneralmente la construction de voltajes m&s<br />

elevados cuestan m&s y el servicio inspira menos con-<br />

fianza. Un disefio de voltaje m&s bajo tiene mayor<br />

perdida de energia y requiere un conductor de mayor<br />

tamafio para distribuir la misma cantidad de energia.<br />

Como estos factores tienden a contrabalancearse<br />

mutuamente, la consideration mas importante en la<br />

selection de1 voltaje es el standard national. El stan-<br />

dard national de voltaje de distribution ofreceri las<br />

siguientes ventajas:<br />

0 Disenos uniformes<br />

* Menos inventario de piezas de repuesto<br />

0 Habra m&s facilidad para interconectar 10s<br />

sistemas aislados a una red de abastecimiento na-<br />

cional, y<br />

0 Los sistemas vecinos pueden tener un deposit0<br />

corntin para abastecimiento de piezas de repuesto,<br />

transformadores mobiles, etc.<br />

Re<strong>com</strong>endamos el desarrollo de standards nacionales<br />

para el voltaje de distribucidn donde no existan al<br />

presente.<br />

Seleccidn de la Medida de1 Conductor<br />

Las referencias (1) y (2) contienen varios cuadros y<br />

graficas para determinar la medida optima de1 con-<br />

ductor para un nivel dado de voltaje, cargas futuras,<br />

iongitud de1 conductor y la regulacidn de1 voltaje<br />

deseado. No obstante, para reducir una multiplicidad<br />

de medidas de1 conductor, almacenamiento de 10s<br />

depositos, y funcionamiento total y procedimientos de<br />

mantenimiento, se re<strong>com</strong>ienda lo siguiente:<br />

a. Para 10s alimentadores trifasicos principales, se<br />

ha de utilizar conductor de aluminio l/O con seis<br />

filamentos de aiambre de aluminio y un fila-<br />

mento de acero (6/l ACSR) con 4-7/l ACSR<br />

<strong>com</strong>a el conductor neutral. Cualquier sistema<br />

mayor requiere standard de construction m&s<br />

pesada con 10s consecuentes costos adicionales.<br />

Si se requiere construction mas pesada durante<br />

el period0 de1 analisis, se ha de considerar la in-<br />

clusion de un segundo alimentador de l/O ACSR<br />

para no poner “todos 10s huevos en una sola<br />

canasta.” Todo sistema menor tiene un efecto<br />

direct0 en la continuidad de1 servicio de1 sistema.<br />

Los aiimentadores prmclpaies ate&an a todos 10s<br />

consumidores, y, consecuentemente, se justifica<br />

systems use 15 kV equipment. Generally, a<br />

higher voltage has greater construction cost and<br />

less reliable service. A lower design voltage has<br />

greater energy losses and requires a larger con-<br />

ductor size to distribute the same quantity of<br />

power. As these factors tend to balance each<br />

other, the most important consideration in<br />

voltage selection is a national standard. A stan-<br />

dard national distribution voltage will offer the<br />

following advantages:<br />

l Standardized designs,<br />

* Less spare parts inventory,<br />

0 Isolated systems will be easier to intercon-<br />

nect into a national grid, and<br />

l Neighboring systems can share spare parts,<br />

mobile transformers, etc.<br />

We encourage the development of national<br />

distribution voltage standards where they do not<br />

presently exist.<br />

216<br />

Conductor Size Selection<br />

References (1) and (2) contain various charts<br />

and graphs for determining the optimum conduc-<br />

tor size for a given voltage levels, future loads,<br />

conductor lengths, and desired voltage regula-<br />

tion. However, to reduce a multiplicity of conduc-<br />

tor sizes, warehouse stocks, and overall opera-<br />

tion and maintenance procedures, the following<br />

is re<strong>com</strong>mended:<br />

a. For main three-phase feeders, utilize l/O<br />

aluminum conductor with six strands of<br />

aluminum wire and one strand of steel (611<br />

ACSR) with 4-711 ACSR as the neutral con-<br />

ductor. Anything larger requires heavy con-<br />

struction : tandards with related additional<br />

costs. If heavier construction is required in<br />

the period of analysis, a second l/O ACSR<br />

feeder should be considered in order not to<br />

place “all of our eggs in one basket.”<br />

Anything smaller has a direct effect on<br />

system continuity of service. Main feeders<br />

affect all consumers, and therefore, a cost<br />

slightly in excess of the most economical<br />

wire is justified. For example: number 110<br />

ACSR possesses better strength se.<br />

quirements, and therefore, is more versatile<br />

for economical placement of poles in main<br />

’ feeders; number l/O ACSR has better<br />

reliability standards for lightning strokes;<br />

the added circumference distributes

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