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ajustable. El generador montado en el exterior es ac-<br />

cionado por un eje. El flujo entra y sale con cambios<br />

de dire&n relativamente pequefios. La turbina de<br />

bombilla tiene un generador y una turbina alojados<br />

en un recepticulo o bombilla y generalmente se<br />

utiliza para aplicaciones mayores. La turbina<br />

St&low es una solucidn elegante para el problema<br />

de1 generador y fuk propuesta inicialmente por el<br />

fundador de la Harza Enginec.ring Company, Leroy<br />

F. Harza. En esta variante, (;I generador va montado<br />

en la periferia dei rotor de la turbina con lo que pro-<br />

porciona una obstrucih minima al fhjo. En la figura<br />

6 se presentan dos ejemplos de turbinas Francis. No<br />

pasara desapercibida la simulitud a una bomba<br />

centfiga. En realidad, las bombas pueden operarse<br />

<strong>com</strong>a turbinas. Actu,almente se est5 estudiando~ el<br />

uso de bombas pequefias <strong>com</strong>a turbinas. En la figura<br />

7a se ilustra una disposichh tipica de una rueda<br />

Pelton. La parte inferior de la figura ilustra la<br />

diferencia bhica entre la turbina Turgo y una rueda<br />

Pelton. Otra forma de rileda de impulsos que puede<br />

utilizarse en aplicaciones de baja caida es la turbina<br />

de fhjo transversal ihstrada en la figura 8.<br />

b)<br />

Figura 5b Varias Disposiciones de Turbinas de Tubo<br />

Figure 5b Various Tube Turbine Arrangements<br />

illustrates the basic difference between a Turgo<br />

turbine and a Pelton wheel. Another form of im-<br />

pulse wheel which can be used in low-head ap-<br />

plications is the cross flow turbine illustrated in<br />

Fig. 8.<br />

In addition to the obvious physical differences<br />

between the designs, various types achieve max-<br />

imum efficiency at different values of specific<br />

speed. This is illustrated in Fig. 9. Here we see<br />

that impulse turbines are efficient over a relative-<br />

ly narrow range of specific speed, whereas<br />

Francis and Propeller turbines have a wider<br />

useful range. As also illustrated, the relative size<br />

decreases with an increase in specific speed.<br />

On addition, each type has different perfor-<br />

mance characteristics under partial load. As il-<br />

lustrated in Fig. 10, impulse and full Kaplan types<br />

can maintain good efficiency over a wide range<br />

of conditions, whereas a fixed propeller turbine is<br />

relatively inefficient below 75 per cent load.<br />

128<br />

Distinction Between “<strong>Small</strong> and “Large”<br />

Turbines. The distinction between “small” and<br />

“large” is a nebulous consideration. Low head

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