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especies exclusivamente de ties de agua duke. La<br />

constancia tirmica puede ocasionar baja densidad de<br />

10s bentos.<br />

Si el otigeno disuelto no produce limitaciones, las<br />

aguas de salida pueden resultar muy productivas. Sin<br />

embargo, con frecuencia la baja disolucion de1<br />

otigeno y las altas concentraciones de nutrientes<br />

para las plantas se <strong>com</strong>binan produciendo una zona<br />

de baja diversidad biologica y una calidad de agua de<br />

marginal a pobre. El sulfito de hidrogeno se forma<br />

solo bajo condiciones <strong>com</strong>pletamente anaerobicas,<br />

per0 es toxic0 para 10s peces a concentraciones<br />

relativamente bajas.<br />

Los problemas de salida hipolimnetica deben ser<br />

menos <strong>com</strong>unes y menos severos en las contenciones<br />

de baja caida que en las de alta caida. La estratifica-<br />

cion de un reservorio no muy profundo se puede per-<br />

turbar con mayor facilidad. Los problemas con las<br />

descargas de salida profunda se pueden evitar con<br />

frecuencia o se 10s puede mitigar. Si se anticipan pro-<br />

blemas, se pueden disenar salidas permitiendo retiro<br />

selective, aunque este procedimiento es a menudo<br />

costoso.<br />

La operation de turbicas, particularmente en<br />

diques, pueden causal impactos adversos a<br />

organismos que pasen a traves de las turbinas,<br />

especialmente a peces que vayan migrando aguas<br />

abajo. Los problemas que se pueden confrontar en<br />

las facilidades pequenas de baja caida, son substan-<br />

cialmente menos severos que 10s problemas de<br />

grandes plantas hidr5ulicas. El paso a traves de las<br />

turbinas expone a 10s organismos a presion anormal,<br />

turbulencia y fuerzas mec&nicas. Los organismos<br />

pueden estar expuestos a friccidn, daAos mecanicos<br />

por las <strong>com</strong>puertas de mariposa y las aspas de la tur-<br />

bina, presiones negativas, y areas de cavitation. Es<br />

obvio que 10s organismos de mayor tamaiio confron-<br />

tan 10s peligros mayores. en su mayor park 10s<br />

organismos planktonicos, incluyendo 10s huevos de<br />

peces y larvas, probablemente pueden escapar 10s<br />

danos. No obstante, 10s peces en sus primcyos aiios<br />

de vida y 10s peces mayores corren riesgos de danos<br />

tanto mecanicos <strong>com</strong>a 10s producidos por la presion.<br />

Los darios mecanicos pueden variar de pequenas ra-<br />

jaduras en el cuerpo a decapitation total. Los darios<br />

ocurridos por causa de la presion incluyen hemor-<br />

ragias internas, ojos protuberantes y vejigas de aire<br />

desinfladas.<br />

La mortalidad de 10s peces que pasan a traves de<br />

las turbinas aparentemente depende de diversas<br />

variables. Por ejemplo, las turbinas que operen a su<br />

maxima eficiencia producen menos mortalidad debido<br />

a la mayor uniformidad de1 flujo de1 agua y mejor<br />

89<br />

ment of Energy in proposals for low-head<br />

feasibi!ity studies, the ratio of area to power<br />

potential ranged from 11 acres/MW to 1800<br />

acres/MW with a mean of 544 acres/MW.<br />

Because of the low power output of small<br />

hydro projects, power lines are typically 15 k\l or<br />

less and can be mounted on single poles. These<br />

can be placed, in most cases, along existing<br />

roads with minimal disturbance of vegetation.<br />

Overland routing through woodlands would<br />

require the clearance of a corridor with a width<br />

of 30 m (100 ft) or less.<br />

Any major change in the pattern of reservoir<br />

filling and discharge can affect shoreline vegeta-<br />

tion. Storage may be further restricted by require-<br />

ments that downstream f!ow be maintained. Run-<br />

of-river operation causes no changes in terrestrial<br />

ecology.<br />

Storage to meet daily peaking requirements<br />

can result in a diurnal fluctuation of a few feet.<br />

This is ac<strong>com</strong>plished by raising the maximum<br />

water level or by lowering the minimum level. The<br />

former strategy diminishes terrestrial habitats<br />

and the latter, diminishes aquatic habitats. Either<br />

procedure increases erosion of unprotected<br />

shores, thus contributing to the formation of a<br />

bare, mud shoreline. If the shore is protected by<br />

riprapping, the impact on terrestrial vegetaion<br />

would be proportional to the additional area<br />

which would require such protection.<br />

Storage will flood terrestrial vegetation only<br />

when it is performed by raising the level of the<br />

reservoir over prehydroelectric levels during<br />

periods when the reservoir is near its maximum<br />

capacity. Effects would be most likely to occur<br />

on those reservoirs that undergo little annual<br />

fluctuation. The effects of flooding on plants<br />

primarily result from the creation of an anoxic<br />

environment in the root zone. Only the lightest<br />

(sandiest) soils could be<strong>com</strong>e aerated in half a<br />

day.<br />

Soil saturation results in reduction ot cessa-<br />

tion of root growth and root function in tolerant<br />

or semitolerant species and in root death in in-<br />

tolerant species. Flooding is most damaging if it<br />

occurs during the growing season. While flooding<br />

will typically result in a shift in plant species<br />

<strong>com</strong>position to tolerant species, some less<br />

tolerant trees may adapt by developing shallow,<br />

“disk” root systems.<br />

Shoreline aquatic and semiaquatic vascular<br />

plants (hydrophytes) are also potentially affected<br />

by hydroelectric operations. Because of water

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