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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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generaci6n y la promo&n de autoproducci6n que<br />

conlleva a no considerar la generaci6n de electricidad<br />

<strong>com</strong>a un monopolio de INECEL y las Empresas<br />

Ektricas en el sector, por cuanto la filosofia de la<br />

promocidn de estas centrales esti en la venta de la<br />

idea a 10s inditiduos particulares, cooperativas, fin-<br />

cas, <strong>com</strong>unidades, etc., etc., la mayor parte en e’l sec-<br />

tor rural, que podrian, para beneficio de todos in-<br />

&alar estas centrales, ser dueiios de las mismas y<br />

<strong>com</strong>ercializar la energia generada. Este hecho podria<br />

hater variar en algo el marco institutional en que se<br />

desarrolla actualmente el sector y vamos a ver a con-<br />

tinuaci6n algunas posibilidades de1 esquema:<br />

1. INECEL podtia ser responsable de llevar a cabo<br />

el programa financiando las obras para las Em-<br />

presas El&tricas, tal <strong>com</strong>a lo ha venido hacien-<br />

do; las centrales unit vez consttidas setian<br />

operados por las Empresas.<br />

2. Las Empresas Elktricas podrian buscar la<br />

financiacirjn de las centrales utilizando su propia<br />

capacidad de endeudamiento.<br />

3. Las <strong>com</strong>unidades beneficiarias de las centrales,<br />

<strong>com</strong>a Municipios, cantones, cooperativas podtian<br />

financiar estas centrales, con lo que setian<br />

duefios de las mismas y podtian operarlas y <strong>com</strong>-<br />

ercializar su energia.<br />

4. INECEL podria constituirse en un promotor<br />

financista de estas centrales, cuyos organismos<br />

ejecutores serian 10s Minicipios, cantones,<br />

cooperativas, etc. y su opera&n y la <strong>com</strong>erciali-<br />

zacidn de la energia se la haria bajo estricto con-<br />

trol de INECEL con el objet0 de asegurar el<br />

servicio de la deuda, esto es, el pago de la<br />

inversi6n.<br />

Todas estas alternativas a !as cuales se podrian<br />

tiadir algunas m&s, por ejemplo, la introducci6n de<br />

estas centrales dentro de 10s esquemas de desarrollo<br />

rural integrado, por ejemplo, conllevan una decisi6n<br />

b&ica, entre la centralizaci6n de la generaci6n<br />

electrica en el pais que actualmente, de acuerdo a la<br />

Ley BQsica de electrificaci6n (Art. No. 3) es<br />

atribuci6n privativa de1 E&do a trav& de INECEL,<br />

o !a politica abierta de permitir a las entidades<br />

creadas en beneficio de la <strong>com</strong>unidad y a la Empresa<br />

privada (fincas, f&bricas, etc) de convertirse en<br />

autoproductores.<br />

Dadas las caractetisticas de pequefia magnitud de<br />

estas centrales, de su objetivo localizado y limitado y<br />

de la misma filosofia de1 aprovechamiento rational de<br />

energia, parece que un programa de esta naturaleza,<br />

cae ademks dentro de1 kmbito de la iniciativa local y<br />

meant a total or localized centralization of power<br />

generation and sales.<br />

Centralization is facilitated when the number<br />

of generating units is manageable, but what hap-<br />

pens, in this area, with a program of mini-<br />

powerplants or small capacity plants? Such a<br />

program leads back to a decentralization of<br />

power generation and the promotion of<br />

autonomous production and away from the no-<br />

tion of electric power production as a monopoly<br />

of INECEL and its electric power enterprises. The<br />

philosophy underlying the promotion of these<br />

small powerplants is based on selling the idea to<br />

individuals, cooperatives, farms, <strong>com</strong>munities,<br />

etc., largely in the rural sector, who could install<br />

these powerplants, own them and sell the power<br />

produced for the <strong>com</strong>mon good. This situation<br />

would alter somewhat the present institutional<br />

framework of the power sector. Some<br />

possibilities for this new structure are as follows:<br />

l.INECEL could be responsible for carrying out<br />

the program, financing the works for the elec-<br />

tric power <strong>com</strong>panies, as it has been doing;<br />

the power plants, once built, should be<br />

operated by the electric power <strong>com</strong>panies.<br />

2.The electric power <strong>com</strong>panies could obtain<br />

financing for the powerplants utilizing their<br />

own borrowing capacities.<br />

3.The <strong>com</strong>munities benefiting from the plants,<br />

such as the municipalities, counties, and<br />

cooperatives, could finance them and conse-<br />

quently own them, operate them and sell the<br />

electricity produced.<br />

4.lNECEL could be<strong>com</strong>e a promotor and<br />

financer of these powerplants with the<br />

municipalities, counties, cooperatives,etc. ac-<br />

ting as administrating agencies. The opera-<br />

tion of the plants and the sale of electricity<br />

would be carried out under the strict supervi-<br />

sion of INECEL to guarantee the debt service<br />

i.e., the repayment of the investment.<br />

All these alternatives, to which others could be<br />

added such as the introduction of these<br />

powerplants into integrated rural development<br />

programs, entail a basic choice between (a) cen-<br />

tralization of electric power production in the<br />

country, which, pursuant to the Basic Elec-<br />

trification Law (Art. No. 3), is currently the sole<br />

responsibility of the State through INECEL, or (b)<br />

an open policy permitting organizations created<br />

to benefit the <strong>com</strong>munity and private industry<br />

284

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