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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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10s equipos de la planta y la maquinaria en las etapas<br />

iniciales; esto se puede concltir gradualmente a<br />

medida que la capacidad local de fabricacibn, fun-<br />

dicibn y trabajo electrico Sean <strong>com</strong>petentes.<br />

Planificadores Locales<br />

Las primeras cuestiones que se deben formular se<br />

relacionan con que clase de desarrollo se requiere, a<br />

quien est$, dirigido y quien lo ha de implementar?<br />

Aqui mucho depende de la escala de las instalaciones<br />

individuales. Hay muy pocas instalaciones en todo el<br />

mundo en que la potencia es de 100 kW o menos y<br />

aun &to, conforme al criteria de la mayoria, es considerado<br />

demasiado pequefio. Es dificil que el gobierno<br />

suministre el soporte economico para dichas<br />

plantas. La responsabilidad de la construction y<br />

mantenimiento se lleva fuera de la villa y 10s consumidores<br />

pueden esperar que se les pague por<br />

trabajo realizado en el proyecto. Tales arreglos con<br />

frecuencia se llevan a cabo por medio de <strong>com</strong>panias<br />

constructoras especializadas en micro hidroelectricidad<br />

y que tengan la capacidad tecnica interna<br />

para realizar la inspection, construction y<br />

mantenimiento. Para pl antas de mayor capacidad, o<br />

grupos de plantas, se justificaria contratar 10s servicios<br />

de una firma de ingenieros consultantes. Los<br />

disenos dentro de1 rango de 25 a 100 kW pueden con<br />

frecuencia ser ejecutados por injerto de las<br />

habilidades y tecnologia necesarios en firmas existentes<br />

de ingenieria agticola o de irrigation, que en<br />

muchos cases ya tienen la habilidad para desempenar<br />

la mayor parte de1 trabajo. Dichos planes podtian incltir<br />

transmisiones de alto voltaje aunque no en todos<br />

10s cases. Las instalaciones de 5 kW a 25 W pueden<br />

ser ejecutadas por empresas<br />

^_^__..~<br />

locales, de la aidea 0 ih<br />

cooperativa y este es el rango que fue utilizado muy<br />

<strong>com</strong>unmente en el Imperio Britanioo en la decada de<br />

1930 y mas recientemente en la Republica de la<br />

Gente de la China. Para justificar el costo de un ingeniero<br />

que deba administrar tal arreglo seria<br />

necesario promover el desarrollo paralelo de<br />

pequenos talleres de ingenieria en el lugar de la estacion<br />

hidraulica de modo que solo unit pequena proporcion<br />

de1 tiempo de! ingeniero sea dedicada a la<br />

estacion y de tal mode que solo esa proportion vaya<br />

al costo de la producion de electricidad.<br />

Cuanto mas pequena la unidad, menor serj la tarea<br />

de la autoridad central. de modo que si decimos que<br />

un sistema hidraulico de pequena escala es anti<br />

economico no reflejariamos la verdad, lo tinico que se<br />

necesita es un sistema de implementation bien<br />

planificado y eficiente. El case extremo es aquel en<br />

que la planta esiS en el rango de 5 kW cuando el<br />

portion of the engineer’s time is spent and hence<br />

costed to the production of electricity.<br />

The smaller the unit, the less the involvement<br />

of any central authority can be; so it is not true<br />

to say that small scale hydro is uneconomic, only<br />

that to be economic the system used to imple-<br />

ment it must be very slim and efficient. The<br />

extreme case is of plants in the range up to 5 kW<br />

where the customer is the key person and he<br />

must be trained to install and run his own plant,<br />

however simple it may be, and he must bring any<br />

problems back to a central point, which may be a<br />

larger power station having an engineering shop<br />

as previously mentioned. So we are looking at<br />

similar patterns to those developed for low cost<br />

medical services.<br />

To summarize, it is the planner’s job to have<br />

an overview of the technology and the type of<br />

development needed and to foster some of the<br />

early installations. It is necessary for them to<br />

work out systems for training, local manufac-<br />

turing, supplies and backup. These will be deter-<br />

mined by the scale and mix of plant sizes.<br />

Site Surveys<br />

The site survey is one of the most important<br />

jobs in micro hydro and it should be carried out<br />

by a person who is very closely connected with<br />

the design and installation. On projects of less<br />

than 100 kW, I would re<strong>com</strong>mend that all jobs are<br />

done by the same people. This gives <strong>com</strong>plete<br />

continuity between all stages, the installers<br />

having to suffer or benefit from their own survey<br />

and design. There is much greater job satisfac-<br />

tion when a <strong>com</strong>plete installation has been<br />

managed by one group, there being no other<br />

party to blame if things do not work out as plan-<br />

ned. It is quite useless in my opinion sending out<br />

surveyors who have little experience with micro<br />

hydro or do not have a very thorough under-<br />

standing of the possibilities. The more people<br />

involved, the more chance of a failure due to<br />

poor <strong>com</strong>munication between the parties. It is<br />

better to have specialists in the various fields<br />

who can be called on by key man if and when<br />

they are required.<br />

Manufacturers<br />

There is unlikely to be enough work to start a<br />

<strong>com</strong>pany specifically to produce hydroelectric<br />

equipment. So the skills and technology can be<br />

introduced into an existing <strong>com</strong>pany or an<br />

assembly and design <strong>com</strong>pany can be started at<br />

low cost and much of the heavy work<br />

subcontracted.<br />

72

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