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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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Es de suma importancia que la investigaci6n<br />

incluya un reconocimiento de la literatura existente<br />

ya que muchos anklisis regionales pueden haber sido<br />

<strong>com</strong>pletados. Dos reportes monumentiles que pro-<br />

veer&n exce!ente informaci6n especifica y<br />

generalizada y que pueden prestar valiow asistencia<br />

ban sido producidos por ia Divisi6n de Ciencias<br />

Acu&tkas de la Unesco (1977, 1978). La informacicin<br />

y mapas sobre lits balances acu6ticos mundiales so:1<br />

especialmente titiles en Breas donde existe muy poca<br />

informaci6n.<br />

Un modelo desarrollado para utilizarlo donde ~610<br />

erriste informacibn sobre precipitaci6n y tempera-<br />

turas es presentado en la ouia de la OMM, (1970). El<br />

metodo est.5 basado en una relaci6n entre PIE y<br />

R/E, donde P es el promedio anual de la precipita-<br />

ci6n, R es el promedio anual de la afluencia de1 rio, y<br />

E es un factor temperatura. Se puede calcular el<br />

valor de R (afluencia) usando las tablas T y E, y P/E<br />

jr R/E. Se pueden elaborar refinamientos para ciertas<br />

regiones en las cuales las lluvias caen dentro de<br />

ciertas estaciones.<br />

Modelos Deterministas y Estodsticos. E!<br />

reconocimiento de que el ciclo hidrol6gico es un<br />

sistema extremadamente <strong>com</strong>plejo ha traido <strong>com</strong>a<br />

consequencia el que uno mantenga un metodo de<br />

“sistemas” al iniciar un estudio sobre oportunidades<br />

de desarrollo de 10s recursos acu5ticos. La construc-<br />

ci6n de modelos se ha convertido en un element0<br />

b&co en lo que se ha venido a conocer ccmo un<br />

“sistema de anglisis” o una “investigaci6n opera-<br />

cional.” El fin de1 proceso es, naturalmente, el de<br />

asistir para identificar aquellas medidas de control<br />

que contribuitian a asegurar la culminaci6n de 10s<br />

objetivos planeados.<br />

Generalmente dos clases de modelos matem$ticos<br />

pueden ser identificados <strong>com</strong>a importantes desde una<br />

perspectiva de planeamiento (FAO, sin fecha):<br />

“(i) - modelos de simuluci6n descriptiva que rela-<br />

cionan dentro de un sistema 10s insumos a su pro-<br />

ducci6n atravez de un procedimiento <strong>com</strong>putational<br />

direct0 y por el cual se rotan varias veces para<br />

examinar las implicaciones de adoptar diferentes<br />

alternativas de disefio;<br />

(ii) - modelos analiticos optimixadores, prin-<br />

cipalmente de la variedad matemhtica pro-<br />

gramadora que intenta determinar la forma 6ptima<br />

de lograr un objective.”<br />

Ambas clases de modelaci6n pueden ser utilizados<br />

para el desarrollo de proyectos de hidroenerda. Los<br />

modelos optimizadores pueden ser particularmente<br />

valiosos donde la hidroenergia vaya a ser agregada a<br />

38<br />

which either (1) thermal systems are reasonabie<br />

alternatives to be considered, or (2) the existing<br />

system contains thermal energy production and<br />

the hydropower must be properly valued.<br />

in less <strong>com</strong>plex situations, one may be more<br />

interested in simulating the hydrologic system<br />

than in optimising the operation, at least during<br />

the early stages of investigation. In mini-hydro<br />

investigations, one is probably uninterested, ex-<br />

cept in a theoretical way, in any simulation what-<br />

soever.<br />

The classification of simulation models is not<br />

ail that well-defined. There are those that claim<br />

to model the physical processes, while others are<br />

presented as being only approximate (based on<br />

empiricisms).<br />

As Diskin (1980) indicates,...“The most impor-<br />

tant problem to the potential user [of models] is<br />

probably the choice between the <strong>com</strong>prehensive<br />

model versus the specific model. The <strong>com</strong>prehen-<br />

sive model claims that it reproduces all pro-<br />

cesses that take place in the watershed. it is<br />

thus presented as a tool that can meet the needs<br />

of ail potential users. The specific model, as its<br />

name impiias, is intended to supply only one type<br />

of design data. An example of such a model may<br />

be one producing monthly runoff volumes. Other<br />

examples include a model producing snow melt<br />

hydrographs or a model for converting extreme<br />

storm rainfalls into design runoff hydrographs. A<br />

specific model also usually produces other data<br />

as a by-product, but the accuracy and value of<br />

these additional data are inferior to those data<br />

for which the model is cor?structed.” He con-<br />

cludes..., “Practice gained in the analysis and use<br />

of various modeis appears to be the only tool<br />

available to the applied hydrologist for assessing<br />

the usefulness of a hydrologic model in the pro-<br />

cess of planning and management of a water<br />

resources project in a given watershed”<br />

(emphasis added). As a matter of policy, it is<br />

probably beneficial to introduce modeling capa-<br />

bilities early in the planning process, since the<br />

development of capabilities is not without pro-<br />

blems inherent in the learning process. Further-<br />

more, modeling may also assist in guiding the<br />

decision to implement data collection networks.<br />

in general two approaches are used in the<br />

development of hydrological models: stochastic<br />

or deterministic (and, of course, <strong>com</strong>binations of<br />

the two).<br />

in the stochastic approach, the variables

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