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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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Generacibn Hidroelktrica<br />

Donald J. Guild<br />

Roberto E. Ifiiguez<br />

condicionada en parte por el costo de1 capital que re-<br />

queriria dicha obra. Roberto E. 15pez presenta 10s<br />

elementos basicos de1 costo y suministra una base<br />

sobre la cual se pueden estimar 10s costos a&ales.<br />

Relacih TurbinaiGenerador<br />

El generador electric0 convierte la energia<br />

mecanica de la turbina en energia elkctrica. Los dos<br />

<strong>com</strong>ponentes esenciales de1 generador son el rotor y<br />

el estator. El rotor es ensamble rotatorio al cual se<br />

aplica la torsi6n mecanica de la turbina. Mediante<br />

magnetizacibn 0 “estimulando” el rotor, se induce un<br />

voltaje al <strong>com</strong>ponente estacionario, el estator. El<br />

mecanismo principal de control de1 generador es el<br />

estimulante-regulador que inicia y estabiliza la<br />

energia de salida. La selecci6n de la turbina deter-<br />

mina la velocidad de1 generador except0 cuando<br />

viene equipado con un dispositivo para aumentar la<br />

velocidad. A continua.ci6n se examina la relaci6n en-<br />

tre 10s generadores y 10s diversos tipos de turbinas e<br />

instalaciones. Tambikn se presentan algunas @as<br />

sobre el costo.<br />

Mini Proyectos Hidroekctricos<br />

Los generadores con capacidad de 1000 kW o<br />

menos se <strong>com</strong>pran por lo general incltidos con la tur-<br />

bina. Hay una variedad de disefios en el mercado que<br />

utilizan turbinas de tipo a reacci6n o a impulso. La<br />

velocidad de1 generador es <strong>com</strong>unmente de 900, 1200<br />

<strong>com</strong>a 1800 rpm para centrales de 60 ciclos. Si la<br />

caida efectiva de la turbina es suficientemente alta<br />

<strong>com</strong>a para obtener estas velocidades se acop’la el<br />

generador directamente. Con caidas menores se con-<br />

ecta el generador a trav& de un dispositivo para<br />

aumentar la velocidad o una banda de propulsi6n en<br />

forma de V.<br />

Proyectos Hidroektricos Pecpeiios<br />

Los generadores con capacidad par arriba de 1000<br />

kW se escogen por lo <strong>com</strong>dn para obtener las<br />

velocidades m&ximas de operaci6n de la turbina, con-<br />

sistente con la caida, la instalacibn y la elevaci6n de1<br />

lugar.<br />

Cuando la &da es de hasta 60 pies se utiiiza por lo<br />

general una turbina de helice o tipo Kaplan con o sin<br />

roelectric Generation<br />

Donald J. Guild<br />

Roberto E. lniguez<br />

conditioned in part by the capital costs it will re-<br />

quire. Roberto E. lniguaz lays the basic cost<br />

elements and provides a basis upon which actual<br />

costs may be estimated.<br />

Turbine/Generator Rellationship<br />

The electric generator converts the mechanical<br />

energy of the turbine into electrical energy. The<br />

two major <strong>com</strong>ponents of the generator are the<br />

rotor and the stator. The rotor is the rotating<br />

assembly to which the mechanical torque of the<br />

turbine shaft is applied. By magnetizing or “ex-<br />

citing” the rotor, a voltage is induced in the sta-<br />

tionary <strong>com</strong>ponent, the stator. The principal con-<br />

trol mechanism of the generator is the excitor-<br />

regulator which sets and stabilizes the output<br />

voltage. The speed of the generator is determined<br />

by the turbine selection, except when geared<br />

with a speed increaser. Following is a discussion<br />

of the relationship between generators and the<br />

various turbine types and settings. Some cost<br />

guidelines are also presented in the discussion.<br />

Mini Hydroelectric Projects<br />

Generators with capacities of 1000 kW and<br />

below are generally purchased as a package with<br />

the turbine. A variety of <strong>com</strong>petitive designs are<br />

available using reaction or impulse type turbines.<br />

The speed of the generator is generally 900, 1200<br />

or 1800 rpm for 60 Hz systems. If the effective<br />

head of the turbine is high enough to obtain<br />

these speeds, the generator is directly coupled.<br />

At lower heads, the generator is connected<br />

through a geared speed increaser or a V belt<br />

drive.<br />

<strong>Small</strong> Hydroelectric Projects<br />

Generators with capacities above 1000 kW are<br />

generally selected to match the best operating<br />

speed of the turbine consistent with the head,<br />

setting and site elevation.<br />

At head ranges up to 60 feet, a propeller or<br />

Kaplan-type turbine is generally used with and<br />

without speed increasers. Efficiency losses of<br />

the speed increaser range from 1.5 to 3%. Within<br />

186

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