23.04.2013 Views

Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

Cuando pueden establecer 10s valores normales<br />

(o promedio) para la precipitation para todas las esta-<br />

ciones (<strong>com</strong>a en el case cuando arbitrariamente se<br />

establecen petiodos traslapando 10s datos) entonces<br />

esta misma ecuacion arriba descri’a puede ser<br />

utilizada para calcular 10s eventos de precipitation<br />

ausentes. En este case se debe limitar 10s perfodos de<br />

precipitation a un period0 de tiempo no menor que<br />

un mes de duration.<br />

Anilisis de Doble-Masa. E! metodo para aplicar la<br />

tknica de analisis de DobleMasa esti basado en la<br />

teoria de que !a grkfica de la acumulacibn de cierta<br />

cantidad <strong>com</strong>parada con la acumulacion de otro can-<br />

tidad durante el mismo period0 puede representarse<br />

grtiicamente <strong>com</strong>a una linca rec+& siempre y cuando<br />

10s datos sean proporcionales. Adn mas, se supone<br />

que un cambio en la pendiente representa un cambio<br />

en la proporcionalidad entre !as variables.<br />

Como en hidrologfa existe una variabilidad natural,<br />

tomamos las series acumuladas que estamos investi-<br />

gando y la representamos graficamente <strong>com</strong>-<br />

pakndolas con el promedio de varias otras. El<br />

numero a inc!uirsc en 21 promedio esti limitado por<br />

el criteria que dita que las estaciones deben estar<br />

ubicadas en un area !o suficientemente pequena para<br />

que las mismas condiciones generales prevalezcan<br />

sobre ellas. Cada una de las estaciones debe ser<br />

verificada en cuanto a su consistencia antes de ser<br />

usadas en ei analisis de doble-masa sobre todo si el<br />

ntimero de estaciones a incluir en el c5lculo es menor<br />

de diez.<br />

El resultado de1 an8lisis de doble-masa se usa<br />

generalmente para ajustar la information anterior -<br />

cuando fuere necesario - de tal forma que sea con-<br />

sistente con la information obtenida posteriormente.<br />

Se debe tomar en cuenta que teoricamente uno<br />

podtia utilizar un metodo estadistico al analisis de<br />

doble-masa. Sin embargo, &to ha sido considerado<br />

<strong>com</strong>a incorrect0 por el simple hecho de que: No se<br />

debe ajustar ninguna information a menos que se<br />

pueda demostrar que algo en realidad ocurrid a la<br />

hora indicada por medio de un cambio en la<br />

pendiente. No se debe alterar la information<br />

arbitrariamente.<br />

El analisis de doble-masa se aplica muy bien a la<br />

information sobre precipitation ya que 10s eventos de<br />

precipitation generalmente no son afectados por las<br />

actividades de1 hombre. Por otra parte, se pueden<br />

mover “ligeramente” 10s calibradores de la precipita-<br />

cion o no son considerados cuando se construyan<br />

nuevas estructuras o se alteren las viejas, o no se da<br />

seria consideration al crecimiento de la vegetation,<br />

34<br />

necessary, such that it is consistent with the<br />

later data. It should be noted that one could, in<br />

theory, apply a statistical approach to the<br />

double-mass analysis. However, this has gen-<br />

erally been considered inappropriate for one<br />

simple fact: no adjustment of data should be<br />

made unless it can be shown that in fact<br />

something did occur at the time indicated by the<br />

change in slope. Data should not be arbitrarily<br />

changed.<br />

The double-mass analysis applies particularly<br />

well to precipitation data because precipitation<br />

events are in general unaffected by man’s<br />

activities. On the other hand, precipitation<br />

gauges are too easily moved “slightly”, or other-<br />

wise not considered when structures are built or<br />

altered, or are not given serious thought when<br />

vegetation increases. Thus precipitation data<br />

has becn shown to be particularly vulnerable to<br />

inconsistency and is well-served by a double-<br />

mass analysis.<br />

Although the double-mass analysis techniques<br />

can be used to check streamflow records for<br />

inconsistencies in much the same manner as<br />

that of precipitation, the assumption that a con-<br />

stant ratio exists between a given time series of<br />

streamflow and that of a <strong>com</strong>parable group of<br />

records may not be valid. It has been found that<br />

on an annual basis the assumption is sometimes<br />

justified, whereas on a shorter basis problems<br />

may arise.<br />

As a matter of process, the streamflow is first<br />

converted to a <strong>com</strong>parable basis, such as<br />

inches, discharge per unit area, or percent of<br />

mean so that large rivers will not have more<br />

effect than the lesser ones. Of course,<br />

reasonably <strong>com</strong>parable streams should be used.<br />

If a break in the double-mass curve is found,<br />

an inconsistency is suggested. As in the<br />

precipitation analysis, the first step to be taken<br />

is to find a reason for the inconsistency. Unlike<br />

that of precipitation, however, the double-mass<br />

analysis should seldom be used to adjust<br />

streamflow records. As noted by the USGS<br />

(1960):<br />

“If the inconsistency is due to a change in<br />

method, such as an improvement in the high<br />

water rating, the record should be re<strong>com</strong>puted<br />

on the basis of revised ratings. If the incon-<br />

sistency is due to diversions out of the basin,<br />

the amount of the diversion would be esti-<br />

mated and added to the observed discharge. If

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!