23.04.2013 Views

Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

tares de1 circuit0 de la If i ,a son 10s eslabones que<br />

con&an el generador con la red de abastecimiento<br />

de energia. El cierre del interruptor de1 generador<br />

ocurre cuando la unidad esti en sincronismo con la<br />

red de abastecimiento de energa. Estos inierruptores<br />

son tambien activados cdmo mecanismos de interrupcidn<br />

para desconectar la unidad de1 sistema<br />

cuando se presente una condicidn anormal o un paro<br />

normal.<br />

Los interruptores se clasifican por tipo, clase de<br />

voltaje, corriente nominal continua y capacidad de interrupcibn.<br />

Los tipos de interruptores incluyen el<br />

magnetico, sop10 de aire, a gas, aceite y al vacio y<br />

son indicativos de1 medio en el cual se extinque el arco<br />

electrico.<br />

Los interruptores de1 generador para instalaciones<br />

hidroektricas mini y pequenas son <strong>com</strong>unmente a<br />

soplo 1A ,e aire o tipo a! vacio, unidades encerradas en<br />

caja de metal a 4.160 kV. La capacidad de inter-r-up<br />

cion depende de 10s CS&Y.IIOS de “falla” que determinen<br />

la contribution de1 sistema y de1 generador<br />

para constituir una “falla.” Las unidades en cajas de<br />

metal pueden ir equipadas con medidores asociados y<br />

tranformadores de instrumentos.<br />

Hay gabinetes de control y consolxs para todos 10s<br />

interruptores mencionados para 10s circuitos requeridos<br />

para cerrar y soltar el interruptor. Los bujes<br />

vienen con provisiones para transformadores de<br />

instrumentos. Opcionales incluyen equip0 de relevo y<br />

llaves de entrecierre.<br />

Regulador y Equip0 de Control de la Carga. Las<br />

instalaciones hidroelectricas mini y pequenas generalmente<br />

tienen poco efecto sobre la frecuencia de la<br />

red de abastecimiento de energia y se las puede in-<br />

&alar sin regiladores de velocidad, lo cual resulta en<br />

ahorro en el costo.<br />

Para las in&ala&ones hidroelertricas mini o<br />

peqwlas, 10s reguladores que no regulan la velocidad<br />

pueden ser de acciin hidraulica u operadas a electricidad<br />

y su funcion es la de traer la turbina a una<br />

velocidad aproximada a la sincrcnizada para el arranque,<br />

para regular la carga despues de haber obtenido<br />

la velocidad sincronizada y parar el funcionamiento<br />

de la unidad tanto durante condiciones normales<br />

<strong>com</strong>a en case de emergencia. Las unidades deben<br />

estar equipadas con llaves mecanicas para la<br />

velocidad p una fuente de energia independiente que<br />

pueda parar la turbina en case de repulsion de la<br />

carga o p&dida de energfa de la e&c&. Cuando se<br />

utilicen sistemas hidraulicos, se utilizaran<br />

acumuladores de aire-aceite <strong>com</strong>a fuente de energfa<br />

independiente. Cuando se utilicen operadores<br />

electricos, se usaran baterias a corriente directa.<br />

For all aforementioned breakers, control<br />

cabinets and consoles are available for the cir-<br />

cuitry required to close and trip the breaker.<br />

Bushings <strong>com</strong>e with provisions for instrument<br />

transformers. Options include relaying equipment<br />

and key interlocks.<br />

Governor and Load Control Equipment. <strong>Small</strong><br />

and mini-hydroelectric installations generally<br />

have little effect on the frequency of the power<br />

grid and may be installed without speed regula-<br />

tion governors, which results in a cost savings.<br />

For small and mini-hydroelectric installations,<br />

non-speed-regulating governors may be either<br />

hydraulic or electric-operated and their function<br />

is to bring the turbine to near synchronous speed<br />

for start-up, to regulate load after synchronous<br />

speed has been achieved and to shut down the<br />

unit during both normal and emergency condi-<br />

tions. The units must be equipped with<br />

mechanical speed switches and an independent<br />

energy source which will shut down the turbine<br />

in the event of load rejection or loss of station<br />

power. When hydraulic systems are used, an air-<br />

oil accumulator is used as an independent<br />

energy source. When electric operators are used,<br />

a dc battery system is used.<br />

In cases where load regulation is not required,<br />

the turbine is equipped with an inlet valve which<br />

must be able to shut the unit down under<br />

emergency conditions. The power to close the<br />

valve can be provided by a hydraulic accumulator<br />

system, a battery system or a weight trip lever<br />

device.<br />

202<br />

Station Equipment and Protection Systems<br />

Relaying Equipment and Surge Protection. An<br />

important part of hydroelectric plant operations<br />

deals with safety and protection. In particular,<br />

short circuits and ground faults within the plant<br />

must be monitored and corrective action must be<br />

initiated to prevent injury to personnel or damage<br />

to equipment.<br />

Two types of protective devices are the protec-<br />

tion relays and the surge protection arresters.<br />

The relays examine time-current relationships<br />

and operate when the voltage and current<br />

characteristics lie outside of the pre-calibrated<br />

settings. Surge protection is required to restrict<br />

any line surges from the system or any surges in<br />

voltage that have not been properly contained by<br />

the station lightning arresters. The surge ar-<br />

resters are physically located as close to the<br />

generator terminals as possible. The surge equip-

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!