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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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total de Ia descarga de una vertiente, de tal modo<br />

que es una parte importante de la utilixacih de 10s<br />

re~ursos act&icos para propcisitos mziltiples y<br />

reduce la posibilidad de la destruccibn por causa de1<br />

desborde. El agua fuera de control es una de las<br />

fuerzas m&s destructivas de la humanidad. Mediante<br />

las facilidades para el acopio, se contienen e utilizan<br />

mejor las aguas de las inundaciones para la produc-<br />

ci6n de alimentos, para la regulaci6n de 10s ties,<br />

mejoramiento de la navegacibn, peces y vida<br />

silvestre, y para el potential recreative; para us0<br />

municipal y mejor control de las aguas de desper-<br />

dicio; y la fuerza destructiva de 10s desbordamientos,<br />

asi <strong>com</strong>a !a energia de1 flujo normal, se controlan<br />

para suministrar energia el&trica para el uso de1<br />

hombre.<br />

Se la puede producir en instalaciones pequefias en<br />

areas remotas de 10s paises en desarrollo con una tec-<br />

n~ok~g?h relativamente s+mple, y puede ser un cataliza-<br />

dor para el desarrollo de otras fuentes y la creaci6n<br />

de oportunidades para eP mejoramiento de las condi-<br />

ciones humanas, <strong>com</strong>a se ha demostrado en el<br />

pasado. Como ya se ha dicho, asi sucedi6 en 10s<br />

Estados Unidos y esti resultando veridico en otras<br />

partes de1 mundo. Por ejemplo, en China, durante las<br />

dos liltimas d&adas se han construido m&s de 85,000<br />

pequefias plantas hidroel&tricas con una capacidad<br />

media de 60 kilowatts. Mientras se reconoce que<br />

e&s pequefias unidades constituyen e1 primer paso,<br />

ellas han dado impulse al mejoramiento de las condi-<br />

ciones humanas y posibiiitan el continua progreso y<br />

mejoramiento.<br />

Su dependahtlidad y jlexibilidad de operacidn,<br />

incliiyendo arranques y cierres rapidos para<br />

responder a cambios slibitos en la demanda, la con-<br />

vierten en luna parte espekhente valiosa de un<br />

sistema el&trico mayor, aumentando en general la<br />

economia, eficiencia y dependabilidad de todo el<br />

sistema. Tiene una excel&e capacidad de enwgia. de<br />

punta, par las r&ones descritas arriba. El alma-<br />

cenaje de energia mediante sistemas de acopio por<br />

bombeo es el mt%odo mas econ6mico y libre de<br />

dificultades, disponible a ia fecha para uso en g-ran<br />

escala. Mientras se requieren cuatro unida.des de<br />

energia de ingreso es de bajo costo y la energia de<br />

salida es de alto valor para satisfacer las cargas de<br />

punta. Aun asi, en un sistema el&trico mayor, la<br />

alternativa para las cargas de punta puede ser la<br />

utilization de unidades termales antiguas y relativa-<br />

mente ineficientes; en dichos cases el uso de1<br />

almaeenaje por bombeo puede resultar en un ahorro<br />

total de energia. En &reas de topografia plana, hay<br />

It can be made availabe in small installations<br />

at remote areas of developing countries *with<br />

relatively simple technoiogy, and can be a<br />

catalyst in developing other resources and<br />

creating opportunities for improving human conditions,<br />

as has been demonstrated in the past.<br />

As discussed, this was true in America and is<br />

proving to be true in other areas of the world. For<br />

instance, in China during the iast two decades,<br />

over 85,000 small hydroelectric plants have been<br />

constructed, with an average capacity of about<br />

60 kilowatts. While these small units are<br />

recognized as a first step, they have done much<br />

to improve human conditions and make further<br />

progress and improvements possible.<br />

Its reliability and flexibility of operation,<br />

including fast startup and shutdown time in<br />

response to rapid changes in demand, makes it<br />

an especia!ly va!uable part of a large electrical<br />

system, increasing the overall economy, efficiency,<br />

and reliability of the entire system. It has<br />

excellent peaking power capability for the<br />

reasons outlined above. Storage of energy by<br />

pump storage systems is the most economical<br />

and trouble-free method available to date for<br />

large-scale use. While about four units of energy<br />

input is required for three units of output, the<br />

input is low-cost energy and the output is highvalue<br />

energy meeting peak loads. Even so, in a<br />

large electrical system, the alternative for peak<br />

loads may be the utilization of old and relatively<br />

inefficient thermal units. In these instances, the<br />

use of pump storage can result in overall savings<br />

of engrgy. In flat topography areas, all underground<br />

pump storage facilities have potential.<br />

Its :echnoiogy is well-deve!=ped ar:d proven,<br />

with efficiencies cf turbines now as high as 95%.<br />

Units ranging from a few kilowatts up to i’OO,OOO<br />

kilowatts are in operation and, while the equipment<br />

must be adapted to the specific site for<br />

greatest efficiency, full reliance can be placed on<br />

performance expectations. <strong>Hydropower</strong> facilities<br />

have a long life; dams and control works will<br />

generally p-r,04,.. p f *no for a century or more with little<br />

maintenance required. As no fuel is required, and<br />

heat is not involved, operating costs are low for<br />

hydropower. Because of this and the long life of<br />

the facilities, a hydropower installation is essentially<br />

inflation-proof.<br />

<strong>Hydropower</strong> development makes maximum use<br />

of local materia/s and labor, and thus<br />

<strong>com</strong>pared to heat-power faci!ities, usually is<br />

15

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