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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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El drenaje de 10s reservorios, sin embargo, podria<br />

causar alteration m8s drastica de1 ambiente acuatico<br />

que 10s metodos de construccidn convencionales. La<br />

mortalidad indirecta de muchos organismos setia un<br />

impact0 temporario. Los organismos serian arrastrados<br />

corriente abajo en ambiente al cual estin<br />

muy pobremente adaptados. Posiblemente podrian<br />

ociirir amontonamientos si 10s organismos (&specialmente<br />

peces) llegaran a aguas estancadas. Probablemente<br />

durante el period0 de construction crecerian<br />

pastas en la base expuesta de1 reservorio, except0<br />

durante el invierno. Los suelos setian aireados, y 10s<br />

minerales, nutrientes y otras substancias pueden ser<br />

mobilizados.<br />

Cuando se vuelva a llenar el reservorio, las <strong>com</strong>uunidades<br />

acwkicas se desarrollaran y pasaran por<br />

una sucesion ecologica hasta que se <strong>com</strong>plete la colonizacion<br />

y 10s ciclos materiales alcancen equilibrio.<br />

Durante este petiodo es posible influenciar la<br />

<strong>com</strong>position de las <strong>com</strong>unidades acuaticas mediante<br />

la implant&on de peces u otras medides. Seria posible<br />

excluir peces rudos y mejorar la calidad de 10s<br />

peces en el reservorio para tener peces m&s<br />

deseables desde el punto de vista de la pesca <strong>com</strong>a<br />

sport y aun de la pesca <strong>com</strong>er&l. No obstante,<br />

podtia requerir varios aiios para que un reservorio se<br />

recupere de1 drenaje y la vuelta a llenar. Estas<br />

tecnicas setian probablemente m5s factibles y aceptables<br />

en reservorins pequenos.<br />

Las otras partes de1 sistema en que ocurren impactos<br />

de la construction son 10s aspectos de la<br />

transmision y distribution. Los impactos de estas<br />

porciones no son exclusives de la hidroelectricidad en<br />

pequena escala. Es decir, que tendetian a ser 10s<br />

mismos :ualquiera fuese la tecnologia de la<br />

generation. Aunque el enfasis de este document0 es<br />

la generation, se hara breve mention a 10s impactos<br />

concernientes a la construction de la transmisidn y<br />

distribution. La construction de estaciones transformadoras<br />

y la construction de lineas de distribution<br />

primaria y secundaria basicamente implican<br />

modification de Ias viviendas terrestres de animales<br />

silvestres. Esta mo~~ificacion consiste principalmente<br />

en la limpieza de cualquier vegetation para construir<br />

la estacion transformadora e igualmente para las<br />

lineas electricas. Esto resultatia en la perdida de las<br />

viviendas de pequenos pajaros de1 campo y de la<br />

selva y de rodent . ,es que ‘rltO1,, * rnn cl ,n IVU In@ rUVYl noc+;zolnc uI..v, cI Qrbustos<br />

y arboles pequenos, o alrededor de ellos.<br />

En sintesis, cuando se construya un dique, 10s m&s<br />

importantes impactos ambientales de la construction<br />

son la sedimentation por el alboroto de1 suelo y el<br />

with physical properties suitable for fish<br />

migration.<br />

Operation<br />

Of the three principal configurations of<br />

impoundment, run-of-river and diversion, by far<br />

the most significant operation impacts are<br />

associated with impoundment.<br />

Aquatic ecology. Water use can be indirectly<br />

affected by stored water, particularly for peaking<br />

power. Pondage can produce pulse flows, i.e.,<br />

periods of below-normal flow while water<br />

accumulates and periods of high flow while<br />

power is produced. Although run-cf-river or diver-<br />

sion operation would be more <strong>com</strong>mon for small/<br />

low-head facilities, some facilities will impound<br />

water and pulse flows can affect downstream<br />

water use and biota.<br />

The type and severity cf these impacts will<br />

depend on preexisting conditions, changes in the<br />

point of water re!ease, and other site-specific fac-<br />

tors. The release of water from turbines typically<br />

produces considerable turbulence in the tailwater<br />

area. This often requires construction or renova-<br />

tion of a stilling basin just below the outlet. Still-<br />

ing basins are lined with concrete or rock to ab-<br />

sorb the turbulent energy of released water. The<br />

turbulence below turbine outlets can scour and<br />

erode the bottom, especially below stilling<br />

basins. This can introduce suspended sediments<br />

and alter the downstream habitat as mentioned<br />

earlier. Effects are more pronounced below larger<br />

dams and with storage operation.<br />

Hydro facilities change the natural patterns of<br />

flow and thus alter many features of downstream<br />

ecosystems. <strong>Small</strong> or low-head hydro plants,<br />

however, produce smaller impacts than those<br />

observed below large storage reservoirs.<br />

Under natural conditions, high flows occur with<br />

snow melt or periods of heavy precipitation, often<br />

in the spring or fall. Storage impoundments<br />

eliminate or greatly reduce flood flows, not only<br />

immediately below the dam, but often for great<br />

distances downstream. Stable flow and<br />

temperature remove cues which trigger migration<br />

or reproduction in some benthic organisms and<br />

fish.1 Power generation introduces short-term<br />

variations in flow in accordance with demand for<br />

electricity. As power generation starts or stops,<br />

streamflows can increase or decrease many-fold.<br />

These variations can be destructive to benthic<br />

organisms and cause a considerable reduction in<br />

diversity.2,3<br />

86

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