23.04.2013 Views

Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.

<strong>com</strong>puertas especialmente disenados. En consecuen-<br />

cia, es muy importante que 10s planificadores y<br />

disefiadores estkn bien al tanto de 10s equipos<br />

normalmente disponibles y que desarrollen diserios<br />

que incorporen desde un principio dichas unidades<br />

normales, valvulas, <strong>com</strong>puertas, turbinas y<br />

generadores.<br />

En aiios recientes, particularmente en la literatura<br />

no tkcnica, la designation “baja ctida” ha sido<br />

erroneamente aplicada a facilidades hidroelectricas<br />

generadoras de cantidades de energia relativamente<br />

pequefias. Como la energia depende de1 product0 de<br />

la proportion de1 flujo y la caida, se puede desarrollar<br />

un valor pequeno de ener@a con una gran c&da y<br />

una proportion de flujo muy baja o con una caida<br />

muy pequena y una proporcidn grande de flujo. Laa<br />

facilidades de baja caida por lu general caen en esta<br />

ultima categoria. No se va a implicar en este texto<br />

ningun limite especifico de la caida, pero la mayoria<br />

de las consideraciones se aplican a caidas de 20<br />

metros 0 menos.<br />

Disefio de Alta Caida<br />

Las facilidades de alta ctida generalmente caen en<br />

tres cztegotias de diseno. Cada diseno se clasifica de<br />

acuerdo al metodo por el cual se desarrolla la cafda:<br />

1. Canal de energia y canetias de presion<br />

2. Tune1 de energfa<br />

3. Ctierias de presibn<br />

Disefios con un Canal de Energia<br />

La Figura 1 ilustra un arreglo tipico para un<br />

diserio que utilice una represa de desviacion, un canal<br />

de ener@a y una caiieria de presion. Un diseno de<br />

este tipo podria desarrollar la &da necesaria con<br />

una represa relativamente baja. El declive de1 canal<br />

de energia es mucho menor que el de un rio. Este<br />

diseno se adapta bien a un lugar que tenga UK rio<br />

empinado con por lo menos una pared de1 cti6n que<br />

tenga una topogrtia suficientemente plana corn0<br />

para permitir la construction de1 canal. El terreno y<br />

las formaciones geologicas alineados con el canal<br />

deben ser suficientemente estables <strong>com</strong>a para<br />

asegurar que no ocurran danos frecuentes por<br />

deslizamiento que lo puedan destruir.<br />

El canal puede ser forrado de concrete para evitar<br />

filtration si el terreno es permeable. Esta cubertura<br />

de concrete puede ser beneficiosa en cuanto se puede<br />

minimizar la perdida de energ!a a lo largo de1 canal<br />

para maximar la &da disponible para la production<br />

de energia.<br />

Si no hay un reservorio m&s arriba de la represa de<br />

desviacion, el sistema podtia necesitar ser operado<br />

169<br />

much aware of standard equipment available and<br />

to aevelop designs which readily incorporate<br />

those standard valves, gates, turbines, and<br />

generating units.<br />

In recent years, particularly in the non-<br />

technical literature, the designation “low-head”<br />

has been erroneously applied to hydroelectric<br />

facilities generating relatively small amounts of<br />

power. Since power is dependent on the product<br />

of rate-of-flow and head, a small value of power<br />

can be developed by a large head and a very<br />

small flow rate or a very small head and a large<br />

flow rate. Low-head facilities generally fall in the<br />

latter category. No specific limit in head will be<br />

implied in this text, but most considerations will<br />

apply to 20 meters of head or less.<br />

High-Head Designs<br />

High-head facilities generally fall into three<br />

design categories. Each design is classified in<br />

accordance wiht the method by which the head<br />

is developed:<br />

1. Power Canal and Penstock<br />

2. Power Tunnel<br />

3. Penstock<br />

Designs With a Power Canal<br />

Figure 1 illustrates a typical arrangement for a<br />

design utilizing a diversion dam, a power canal,<br />

and a penstock. A design of this type may<br />

develop the necessary head with a relatively low<br />

dam. The s!ope of the power canal is much less<br />

than that of the river. This design is well adapted<br />

to a location involving a steep river with at least<br />

one wall of the canyon having topography flat<br />

enough to make construction of the canl feasi-<br />

ble. Soil and geologic formations along the canal<br />

alignment must be stable enough to insure that<br />

frequent slides will not damage or destroy the<br />

canal.<br />

The canal can be concrete lined to prevent<br />

seepage if the soil is pervious. Smooth concrete<br />

lining will also be beneficial in that energy loss<br />

along the canal can be minimized in order to<br />

maximize the available head for power produc-<br />

tion.<br />

If there is no reservoir upstream from the diver-<br />

sion dam, the system may need to be operated<br />

as a run-of-the-river plant while allowing suffi-<br />

cient flow to remain in the river to satisfy in-<br />

stream requirements. These in-stream re-<br />

quirements may include water for fisheries or for<br />

industries or municipalities located between the<br />

diversion dam and the power plant. For a small

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!