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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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electrificaci6n en Nepal, implementado por la Misidn<br />

Unida a Nepal (UMN). UMN se ha mantenido activa<br />

en el campo de la asistencia ticnica por alrededor de<br />

20 ties. Nepal, por supuesto, es un pais donde abun-<br />

dan pequefios ties cuyo caudal es adecuado para la<br />

producci6n de enerda hidrsulica en pequeiia escala.<br />

Tambien es extremadamente montafioso y escabroso<br />

con pequefias <strong>com</strong>unidades rurales dispersas,<br />

d&antes, sin caminos ni redes de conecci6n electrica.<br />

La energia acuhtica ha estado en uso en estos<br />

lugares por cientos de ties en la forma traditional<br />

de ruedas de agua con eje vertical que se usan para<br />

la molienda de arroz y maiz. En &OS m8s recientes,<br />

se ha introducido el use de molinos a energia diesel<br />

para moler el grano, descascarar el arroz y extraer el<br />

aceite resultando en 10s problemas obvios de1 costo y<br />

la disponibilidad de1 <strong>com</strong>bustible. Fueron 10s pro-<br />

pietarios de estas m&quinas 10s primeros en dirigirse<br />

a la UMN pidiendo un molino hidrgulico. Se produjo<br />

en primer lugar una rueda a imp&o Pelton pero en<br />

esta parte de1 mundo las ruedas de impulso no han<br />

tanido exito. Aunque el precio es muy razonable, hay<br />

innumerables problemas con 10s derechos al use de1<br />

aqua con estas maquinas de alta caida, ya que el<br />

agua se toma normalmente Ide un tie que se usa para<br />

irrigacibn. Es una l&stima que esto sea asi porque la<br />

rueda Pelton requeriria menor cantidad de agua para<br />

producir igual cantidad de energia.<br />

La Mision Unida descubri6 que una soluci6n in-<br />

termedia se conseguiria mediante la fabricacibn de<br />

maquinas de flujo transversad (Turbinas Mitchell<br />

Banki) de 20 a 50 hp. Se las podria fabricar en un<br />

rango de tamtios normales (2 digmetros de rotor y<br />

un ntimero de diferentes anch para ajustarse a la<br />

variedad de las caidas, car!tidad de1 flujo y la energia<br />

de salida. Con mkquinas de este rango se pueden<br />

utilizar una cantidad de <strong>com</strong>ponentes <strong>com</strong>unes. La<br />

velocidad de1 eje es normalmente de 500 rpm y con-<br />

duce una Knea de transmisibn y luego las diversas<br />

maquinas con la banda de una polea. Se usa un rotor<br />

de menor digmetro para producir 1500 rpm para<br />

operar 10s generadores. El rotor y el encasillando se<br />

fabrican de acero y no se usan moldes. Se han pro-<br />

ducido m&s de 50 de estas turbinas para maquinas<br />

para proceso agricola pero hasta ahora un ~610<br />

sistema hidroelectrico ha sido instalado (35 kW).<br />

Recicntemente, un pequefio ahernador de camiones<br />

de 500 W ha estado disponible <strong>com</strong>a equip0 extra<br />

para el equip0 b&sic0 de1 molino. El costo de la<br />

maquinaria <strong>com</strong>pleta para el molino y 10s trabajos<br />

civiles relacionados alcanza a Rs. 60,000 en Nepal<br />

(US$S,OOO). Adem& de la descascaradora de<br />

with these high head machines because the<br />

water is normally abstracted from a river whose<br />

water is being used for irrigation. This is of<br />

course a pity, because the Pelton wheel would<br />

require a smaller quantii, of water for the same<br />

power output.<br />

The United Mission found instead that a <strong>com</strong>-<br />

promise solution would be to manufacture cross-<br />

flow machines (Mitchel Banki turbines) of<br />

between 10 and 50 hp. These could be made in a<br />

range of standard sizes (2 runner diameters and a<br />

number of different widths) to cope with the<br />

variety of heads, flow rates and power outputs. A<br />

number of <strong>com</strong>mon <strong>com</strong>ponents could be used<br />

with this range of machine. The shaft speed is<br />

normally 500 rpm driving a line shaft and then<br />

the various machines by belt drive. A smaller<br />

rotor diameter is used to give 1500 rpm for driv-<br />

ing generators. The runner and casing are<br />

fabricated from steel and no castings are used.<br />

More than 50 of these turbines have been pro-<br />

duced for agricultural processing machinery but<br />

only a hydroelectric system has yet been in-<br />

stalled (35 kW). Recently, a small 500 W truck<br />

alternator has been available as an extra to the<br />

basic mill equipment. The cost of the <strong>com</strong>plete<br />

mill machinery and civil works is about 60,000<br />

Nepal Rs. (US!E,SOO). In addition to the rice huller,<br />

grinder and oil expeller, UMN are developing a<br />

mechanical air heater. This device heats air by<br />

fluid friction which can then be used for crop<br />

drying or even baking.<br />

The hydro-powered mill programme is now<br />

being expanded to take in electrification. The<br />

same turbine type - for which there is now a<br />

well-trained manufacturing, installation and<br />

maintenance team - is now being used for <strong>com</strong>-<br />

munity hydroelectric systems.<br />

The object of this background is to show that<br />

this step-by-step development has worked well<br />

and that it is self perpetuating. The diesel owners<br />

are perfectly capable of managing the<br />

maintenance of the turbines and they are in any<br />

case familiar with the concept of water power<br />

from the traditional Himalayan water wheel.<br />

There is a steady and even increasi,ng demand<br />

for these turbines.<br />

Electrification<br />

As in India, ITDG carried out an economic<br />

survey of existing micro hydro projects in Nepal<br />

prior to this project. The report from this survey<br />

<strong>com</strong>pared the cost of a 40 kW diesel generator<br />

68

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