23.04.2013 Views

Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

el agua venga al canal de m&s arriba a lo largo de la<br />

distancia que el canal recorrera para obtener la caida<br />

deseada. Aqti se hate necesaria la segunda camara<br />

de sediment&k-J para evitar danos a la turboma-<br />

quinaria. Para ser efectiva, esta segunda c&mar-a<br />

debe reducir las velocidades a menos de medio pie<br />

lineal por Segundo.<br />

Siempre que sea posible se ha de justificar el costo<br />

extra de poner un marco de concrete y una rejilla<br />

para protejer contra la basura orientados de tal modo<br />

que el agua deba dar otra vuelta de 90 grados antes<br />

de entrar en la rejilla de desagiie, la <strong>com</strong>puerta y las<br />

canerias de presion. Asi el agua alimenta la turbina<br />

de un costado de1 canal (antecamara). Si se deja que<br />

el canal se extienda pasando la rejilla de desague de<br />

la basura, se formara un area de limpieza de1 lodo<br />

para enrampar al tope. El lodo es expulsado por la<br />

fuerza centrifuga de1 agua al lado ciego hacienda su<br />

entrada a traves de la rejilla protectora contra la<br />

basura.<br />

Setia conveniente elegir un punt0 cercano a la<br />

salida de la primera camara de sedimentation para<br />

construir una barrera para parar troncos flotantes.<br />

El uso de dicha barrera en este lugar permitira al<br />

operador colocar 10s troncos en 10s lugares conve-<br />

nientes en case de que 10s bordes de1 canal se<br />

deslicen o si hay necesidad de drenar el canal por<br />

cualquier razon. Hasta podtia prevenir un desastre<br />

real en case de que hubiere falla en la carieria de<br />

presion que pudiera destruir la casa de maquinas<br />

<strong>com</strong>a 20 arias mask-de. Se debe mantener en cuenta<br />

que cualquier canal construido en las laderas de una<br />

montana puede siempre deslizarse con una lluvia<br />

fuera de lo corntin, o con un deslizamiento de barro.<br />

El final de1 canal que contiene la rejilla protectora<br />

contra basura y la <strong>com</strong>puerta debe ser construido<br />

sblidamente sobre una plataforma de pie bien<br />

embebida en terreno solid0 bajo nivel. La plataforma<br />

debe incorporar barrotes de acero de refuerzo<br />

doblados para arriba de modo a quedar dentro de las<br />

paredes de !a ante&mara o de1 canal cuando se der-<br />

rame el concrete. El marco de la <strong>com</strong>puerta de con-<br />

creto se debe derramar sobre la pared interior de la<br />

antecamara o de1 canal. El orificio o la coneccion de<br />

la canen’a debe estar en su lugar en la pared cuando<br />

se derrame la mezcla de concrete. Este arreglo ha de<br />

suministrar la m&xima seguridad posible para la con-<br />

eccion de la caneria de presidn y las <strong>com</strong>puertas.<br />

Las caiien’as de presion de agua deben estar pro-<br />

vistas con protection contra la pulsation en la forma<br />

de cafios de descarga de la presion. Cuando se usan<br />

velocidades de flujo de1 agua en las cafietias en el<br />

160<br />

thrown to the blind end by the centrifugal force<br />

of the water making it s turn into the trash-rack.<br />

It is wise to choose a point near the exit from<br />

the first settling pool to erect a stop-log frame.<br />

The use of a stop-log barrier in this location will<br />

permit the operator to drop the iogs into place if<br />

the side of the canal should be washed out or if<br />

there is need to drain the canal for any reason. It<br />

can even avoid a real disaster should a penstock<br />

failure be destroying the powerhouse about 20<br />

years from now. Keep in mind that any canal<br />

placed along the side of a mountain can always<br />

be washed out by an unusual rain or by a mud-<br />

slide.<br />

The end of the canal that contains the trash<br />

rack and head gate should be solidly-built on<br />

footer-slab well embedded into solid soil well<br />

below grade. The slab should incorporate re-bar<br />

steel turned-up to be within the walls of thz<br />

forebay when it is poured. The headgate frame<br />

should be poured into the inside wall of the<br />

forebay or canal wail. The penstock “thimble” or<br />

stub should also be in place when the wall is<br />

poured. This arrangement will provide the<br />

strongest possible attachment to the penstock<br />

and headgate.<br />

Penstocks should be provided with surge pro-<br />

tection in the form of stand-pipes. When<br />

penstock flow velocities are used in the range of<br />

3 to 5 feet per second or greater, the cross-<br />

sectional escape area in the surge pipe should<br />

be at least 75% of the penstock flow area. For<br />

this reason, and others, it is well to spend more<br />

money over-sizing the penstock to keep the<br />

velocities as low as possible. The rule is to keep<br />

the penstock as large as possible, as short as<br />

possible and as vertical as possible.<br />

Carry a leg or extension of the penstock on<br />

below the take-off point for the turbine. Carry it<br />

down to the base of the foundation so that no<br />

weight is carried by the turbine frame. Make pro-<br />

vision to drain the penstock leg to avoid ac-<br />

cumulation of material passing the trash-rack<br />

and getting into the turbine. If the velocity islow<br />

in the penstock, you will not have a measurable<br />

loss in <strong>com</strong>ing out to the turbine at 90 degrees.<br />

You will save may repair hours by installing this<br />

leg and by keeping it drained of debris. Above all<br />

you will extend the life of nozzles, gates and run-<br />

ners.<br />

It would be well to offer a few words of<br />

guidance on the trash rack before proceeding to

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!