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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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Represa dl; ucj3v1v<br />

DIVERSIONy<br />

CAM<br />

Vaciadero de1 Sediaento<br />

SEDIMENT SLUICEWAY<br />

Estructura de la Bow Toma<br />

INTAKE STRUCTURE<br />

Casa de M5,quinas<br />

Figura 4 Disposicih Tipica de una Facilidad de Alta Caida con The1 de Potencia<br />

Figure 4 Typical Arrangement of a High-Heat! Facility with Power Tunnel<br />

ticularmente en sus extremidades inferiores. Aunque<br />

en la Uima dkada se han desarrollado rapidamente<br />

maquinas de perforaci6n de Wneles, no resulta prac-<br />

tico perforar un tune1 mas pequeno que 2.5 metros<br />

de diametro. Como un tune1 de estas dimensiones<br />

pueden suministrar suficiente flujo para facilidades<br />

que desarrollen energia de 100 megawatts o mas,<br />

rara vez serfa econ6micamente factible para und<br />

planta pequefia. Ademas, en cualquier tine1 largo<br />

habra g-ran cantidad de rotas que necesitaran ser<br />

acarreadas a otro lugar lo cual podtia representar un<br />

problema en un pequeno caricin empinado. En la<br />

mayon’ de las rocas, una maquina perforadora de<br />

tine1 deja paredes muy lisas lo cual resulta en baja<br />

perdida de energia. Los coeficientes de resistencia (f)<br />

para la ecuacih<br />

(3) hl = f & v”<br />

u f4z<br />

est.&n en el rango de 0.222 para un tune1 de 2.5<br />

metros de d%metro. En la ecuaci6n (3) L es la<br />

longitud de1 tine1 en metros, R es el radio hidraulico<br />

en metros. V es la velocidad promedio de1 agua en el<br />

tune1 en metros por Segundo, g es la aceleraci6n<br />

debida a la gravedad (9.8 meros por Segundo por<br />

Segundo), y hl es la p&dida de energfa expresada en<br />

metros de agua.<br />

Debido a la alta estitica y a posibles altas presiones<br />

transitorias experimentadas en la extremidad inferior<br />

Linea de Transmisih<br />

TRANSMISSION<br />

turbines, it may be feasible to design the<br />

penstock with enough strength to withstand the<br />

necessary static and transient pressures. For<br />

those cases, a simultaneous bypass valve is not<br />

required.<br />

An isolation valve, usually a butterfly valve or<br />

gate valve should always be installed immediate-<br />

ly upstream of the turbine where more than one<br />

turbine draws water from the same penstock.<br />

Closing this valve will make inspection and repair<br />

of the turbine possible without stopping the re-<br />

maining units. For turbines such as a Francis<br />

unit, it wiil also be necessary to provide a means<br />

to prevent water from entering the draft tube dur-<br />

ing shutdown for inspection and repair. This is<br />

usually done by the use of bulkheads, or<br />

bulkhead gates which can be lowered into posi-<br />

tion at the outlet end of the draft tube. Figure 5<br />

shows both an isolation valve and downstream<br />

bulkhead gates for a typical Francis turbine in-<br />

stallation.<br />

If the bottom of the river canyon is wide enough<br />

to provide for installation of a conduit (penstock)<br />

along one bank, the result will always be cheaper<br />

than a tunnel along the same route. Floods may<br />

seriously damage the conduit if it is too near the<br />

river. In addition, rock slides from the canyon<br />

walls may be a threat to the conduit. These<br />

possibilities must be considered in the analysis<br />

176

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