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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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Sin lb; capaeidad de variar el gngulo de las helices,<br />

es evidente que (37) no puede satisfacerse l:ompletamente<br />

con flujo par&l. Esta es la diferencia entre la<br />

eficiencia partial de fuerza de una h&lice fija y 10s<br />

tipos Francis, y el disefio Kaplan totalmente<br />

ajustable.<br />

La eficiencia hidraulica se define <strong>com</strong>a la caida<br />

+n&+o C-v”. .d 2 t,rav& de] rotor $,vidido par 1% cai&<br />

disponible. Utilizando la ecuacion Euler, 5:<br />

(38)<br />

U’V’ cos a, -u2”2 cos a2<br />

‘1H = ; = -<br />

. . CM<br />

Con las definiciones siguientes<br />

(40)<br />

V2 = C2 v2gH<br />

(41) ul = + d2gH<br />

C es aniiloga a C, en la<br />

rueda Pelton<br />

1<br />

Optimum hydraulic efficiency would occur<br />

when a2 is equal to n/2. However, overall efficien-<br />

cy of the turbines dependent on the optimum<br />

performance of the draft tube which occurs with<br />

a little whirl in the flow. Thus, best overall effi-<br />

ciency occurs with a2 = 85” for low specific<br />

speed Francis turbines to 42 = 75” at high<br />

(43) t)H = 2QCj cos a,<br />

With ~~ in the range of IO” to 25” and Cl m<br />

0.6, the speed of coefficient, +.is approximately<br />

0.8 <strong>com</strong>pared with a little less than 0.5 for an impulse<br />

turbine. Note also that Cy g 0.6 implies<br />

that only 40 per cent of the available head is converted<br />

to velocity head at the turbine inlet <strong>com</strong>pared<br />

with 100 per cent for the impulse wheel.<br />

Note also that Eq. (43) is consistent with an impulse<br />

wheel’s performance where Cl and cos al<br />

are approximately<br />

is of order 0.5.<br />

unity and the speed coefficient<br />

The rationale for optimum specific speed in a<br />

la eficiencia hidraulica puede formularse en terminos<br />

de coeficientes no dimensionales<br />

reaction turbine is more <strong>com</strong>plex since there are<br />

more variables. For a radiai flow machine (refer<br />

to Fig. 3), a somewhat simple expression can be<br />

(42)<br />

“a<br />

‘1H = 24~~ ~3s al -2<br />

“1<br />

c2 cos a2)<br />

derived. The radial inflow is<br />

(44) VR= Cl sin al d2gH<br />

La eficiencia hidraulica optima ocurritia cuando a2<br />

es igual a n/:2. Sin embargo, la eficiencia general de<br />

la turbina depende de1 desempeno optima de la<br />

galeria de suction que ocurre con un pequefio<br />

remolino en el flujo. Asi, pues, la mejor eficiencia<br />

general ocurre con ti2 = 85” para las turbinas<br />

Simil’arly, the flow rate, speed, and power is<br />

(45) Q = VPAc = (2.1 sin al G fbrrD2 i<br />

1<br />

24 d&i7<br />

(46) VJ = D<br />

I<br />

Francis de baja velocidad especifica a ag = 75” con (47) P = qegQH<br />

una alta velocidad especifica. La eficiencia hidraulica where fb is percentage of open space in the inlet<br />

es aproximadamente passages. Combining Eqs. (45) through (47) yields<br />

an expression for specific speed<br />

(43) tlH = 24cl cos al<br />

Con al en la ga.ma de 10 a 25” y C m 0,6, la<br />

velocidad de1 coeficiente, 4, es de 0,8, aproximada-<br />

mente, en <strong>com</strong>paracion con algo menos de 0,5 para la<br />

turbina de impulsos. Adviertase tambien que Cl s<br />

0,6 implica que solo 40 por ciento de la caida disponi-<br />

ble se convierte a velocidad de la caida en la entrada<br />

de la turbina en <strong>com</strong>paracion con 100 por ciento para<br />

la rueda de impulsos. Adviertase tambien que la<br />

Ecuacion (45) concuerda con el disempeno de la<br />

rueda de impulsos donde Cl y cos ai son aproxima-<br />

damente la unidad y el coeficiente de velocidad es de1<br />

orden de 0,5.<br />

139<br />

(48) N, = $I4 (2X?jfbC1 Sin al g )1’2 4<br />

or approximately<br />

(49) N, = 5.5 (Cl sin al i )A@ 4<br />

Using standardized design charts for Francis tur-<br />

bines,4 Ns is normally found to be in the range<br />

0.3 to 2.5 (58 to 480 in metric units).<br />

Cavitation<br />

Cavitation can be defined as the form-<br />

ation of the vapor phase in a flow when the

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