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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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pueda aumentar al doble en el futuro cuando se<br />

agreque una segunda turbina y caiierias de presion.<br />

En 10s lugares donde se utilice el control elec-<br />

tronico de la carga, la resistencia de <strong>com</strong>pensation<br />

puede ubicarse en cualquier lugar conveniente en la<br />

villa donde se requiera agua caliente. Los calenta-<br />

dores de la resistencia de <strong>com</strong>pensation se pueden<br />

utilizar tambien para el proceso agrkola donde se<br />

necesite una fuente de calefaccion - ejemplo,<br />

destilacion de aceite y secado de la cosecha.<br />

Para aumentar el promedio de1 factor de carga es<br />

esencial que se <strong>com</strong>ience con - el uso industrial,<br />

durante el dia, de la energia que ha de suministrar<br />

un servicio provisto desde ya por otros medios o que<br />

introducik una nueva actividad industrial en el area.<br />

Los grupos innovadores de ia tecnologia y<br />

especializados en transferencia, tales <strong>com</strong>a ITDG u<br />

organizaciones similares tienen corn0 funcidn prin-<br />

cipal establecer contacto con 10s planificadores locales<br />

o con 10s iniciadores. Para poder transferir la tec-<br />

nologia es necesario tener un consumidor, un<br />

abastecedor y un fabricante. En la primera fase,<br />

varias tareas se pueden <strong>com</strong>binar. Por ejemplo,<br />

ITDG puede ser al mismo tiempo el abast.ecedor y 10s<br />

planificadores locales pueden ser tambien 10s<br />

primeros consumidores. De cualquier modo habran<br />

eslabones de coneccion entre todas las partes. En la<br />

segunda fase, a la cual podriamos referirnos <strong>com</strong>a de<br />

entrenamiento y extension, las conecciones cambian<br />

de tal modo que se estabilizan las relaciones entre<br />

consumidor, fabricante y abastecedor y la coneccion<br />

entre ITDG y 10s planificadores locales cambian el<br />

enfasis haciael entrenamiento y desarrollo de1 uso<br />

final. La fase final es de naturaleza m&s permanente,<br />

<strong>com</strong>a cuando el sistema ya no cambia. En tales cases<br />

la relation con ITDG termina, la relation entre el<br />

consumidor, el instalador, el fabricante, y 10s<br />

abastecedores est5 bien establecida y las conecciones<br />

con 10s planificadores se convierten en relaciones de<br />

regeneration, enkenamiento y posiblemente financia-<br />

mento la largo plazo.<br />

Organizaciones Iniciadoras<br />

Despues de desarrollar o seleccionar la tecnologia,<br />

se la debe presentar de tal modo que se puedan<br />

utilizar con facilidad. Boletines de1 Proyecto,<br />

Manuales, Seminarios, Visitas de Entrenamiento y<br />

Consulta son todos parte de1 paquete de presentation<br />

initial. Los primeros pasos consisten en la formula-<br />

cidn de cuestionarios con preguntas cuidadosamente<br />

seleccionadas y material introductor. A menudo es<br />

necesario que este grupo suministre algunos o todos<br />

71<br />

established and the links with the planners are<br />

ones of feedback, training and possibly long term<br />

finance.<br />

Initiating Organization<br />

Having developed or selected the technology,<br />

it must be presented in a form that can be easily<br />

used. Project bul!etins, manuals, seminars, train-<br />

ing visits and consultancy are all part of the<br />

initial package. Carefully drafted questionnaires<br />

and introductory material are the first steps. It is<br />

often necessary for this group to supply some or<br />

all of the plant and machinery in the early<br />

stages; this can gradually be phased out as the<br />

local capability in fabrication, casting and elec-<br />

trical work takes over.<br />

Local Planners<br />

The first questions that must be answered are,<br />

what kind of development is required, who is it<br />

aimed at and who is to carry it out? Much of this<br />

depends upon the scale of the individual installa-<br />

tions. There are very few government run installa-<br />

tions around the world of less than 100 kW and<br />

even this is considered very small by most<br />

criteria. It is difficult for a government body to<br />

provide the backup economically for such plants,<br />

Responsibility for construction and maintenance<br />

is taken away from the village and the con-<br />

sumers may expect to be paid for any work car-<br />

ried out on the project. Such schemes will often<br />

be carried out by a specialist micro-hydro con-<br />

struction <strong>com</strong>pany who have all the ‘in house’<br />

skills to do the survey, construction and backup.<br />

For larger plants or groups of p!ants, the service<br />

of a firm of consulting engineers might be<br />

justified. Schemes within the range of 25 kW to<br />

100 kW can often be carried out by grafting<br />

the necessary skills and technology into<br />

an existing firm of agricultural or irri-<br />

gation engineers, which would already have<br />

the skills to perform the bulk of the work. Such<br />

schemes may or may not involve high voltage<br />

transmission. Installations in the 5 kW or the 25<br />

kW range may be carried out by the local<br />

entrepreneur, village or cooperative and this is<br />

the range that was used widely in parts of the UK<br />

in the nineteen thirties and, more recently, in the<br />

Peoples Republic of China. In order to justify the<br />

cost of an engineer to run such a scheme, it is<br />

often necessary to encourage the parallel<br />

development of a small engineering shop on the<br />

site of the hydro station, so that only a small pro-

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