Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

intermitentes en 10s talleres. Un modelo tipico de la
carga diaria en la India, en las colinas de Uttar
Pradesh indicaba:
Carga Elevadas 3 horas a 637 kW = 19111Wh
Carga Basica 5 horas a 275 kW = 1375 kWh
Carga Industrial 16 horas a 65 kW = 1040 kVVh
Total: 4326 kWh
al dia
Lo cual ocasiond un factor de carga de 26% en una
instalacion de 700 kW. Con costos de capital por arriba
de Rs. 25,000 por kW instalado (1979 Rs. 8 = $1
approx.), gastos anuales de depreciacibn e inter& a
12% y elevados costos de personal (cuatro turnos de 3
personas cada uno), esto result6 en costos de
generation de Rs. 0.42/kWh, sin dejar margen para
costos de lineas de transmission y perdidas,
administration etc.
Aumento de la Carga
En muchos cases la carga elevada (consiatente en
iluminacion electrica) aumento con bastante rapidez
en las ciudades pequenas. No obstante, hay muchos
cases en que la energia llega a las aldeas media& la
extension de la red sin hacerse las conecciones.
Costos tipicos de coneccion para in&alar medidores
eran Rs. 200 (U$S 25) que muy pocas familias podian
pagar. El aumento de la carga para tales sistemas
micro hidroelectricos r-males fue consecuentemente
limitado a un factor de carga tipicamente maxim0 de
20-25%. Estos factores de carga no son suficientes
para reducir 10s costos de generation a 10s bajos
niveles de subsidio de las tarifas de costos - en con-
secuencia, dichos sistemas producen perdidas y se 10s
abandona cuando ia red se extiende a areas nuevas.
Una razon esencial que produce bajas factores de
carga es la division de la responsabilidad - con
respect0 al abastecimiento y el uso final. No se re-
quiere comisiones de Electricidad para introducir el
uso de energfa, aunque 10s planes para el desarrollo a
menudo asumen que el crecimiento economico y el
desarrollo han de seguir automaticamente a la pro-
vision de fuentes de energia.
Beneficios de la Energia Ektrica
La provision de energfa electrica, fuere en forma
substitutiva o en promotion, ha de conferir tres
beneficios esenciales a una comunidad: ahorro de
fondos, generation de ingresos y conveniencia.
Ahorro de Fondos
Con ciertas facilidades ya pagadas en efectivo, la
energa electrica a menudo puede efectuar ahorro de
61
Peak Load 3 hours at 637 kW = 1911 kWh
Base Load 5 hours at 275 kW = 1375 kWh
Industrial Load 16 hours at 65 kW = 1040 kWh
Total: 4326 kWh
per day
This gave rise to a load factor of 26% on a 700
kW installation. With capital costs of over Rs.
25,000 per installed kW (1979 Rs 8 = $1 approx.)
annual charges for depreciation and interest at
12% and heavy staffing costs (four shifts of 3
men each) this gave generation costs of Rs
0.42/kWh, without allowing for transmission line
costs and losses, administration and so forth.
Load Growth
In many cases peak load (consisting of electric
lighting) rose fairly rapidly in small towns.
However, there are many instances of power
being taken into villages by extension of the grid
without any connections being made. Typical
connection charges for meter wiring were Rs 200
(US$25) which few families could afford. Load
growth for such rural micro hydro systems there-
fore was limited to a typically maximum load fac-
tor of 20.25%. These load factors are not suffi-
cient to reduce even generating costs down to
the low subsidized level of tariff charges -
hence such systems are loss makers and
become quickly abandoned when the grid is
extended into new areas. One major reason for
poor load factors is the division of responsibility
- with regard to supply and end use. Elec-
tricity Boards are not required to introduce uses
for power, although development plans often
assume that economic growth and development
will automatically follow provision of energy
sources.
Benefits of Electrical Power
Provision of electrical power, either in a substi-
tutive or promotive form will confer three main
benefits on a community: cash savings, income
generation, and convenience.
Cash Savings
With certain facilities already paid for in cash,
electrical power can often effect a cash saving.
This not only guarantees a return to the hydel
installation and the end use provider, but also
reduces consumers’ outlays (giving rise to so
called consumers’ surplus).
An example is provided by the project in India
described below where it is estimated that the