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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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pequefias plantas hidroel6ctrica.s descentralizadas son<br />

modestos cuando se 10s <strong>com</strong>para con 10s requisitos de<br />

organizaciones que suministran equipos de medidas<br />

mayores que 1000 kW. Estas necesidades cubren<br />

cuatro areas generales.<br />

l Costo de1 Capital<br />

0 Requerimientos de mano de obra<br />

l Material en bruto<br />

l ‘Tecnoiogia<br />

Se debe mencionar de entrada que cada unit de<br />

estas necesidades puede ser dismintida mediante la<br />

<strong>com</strong>pra de ensamblajes parciales o subensambles,<br />

siempre que sea posible. Una expansion de las<br />

necesidades especificas de 10s cuatro aticulos pro-<br />

cedentes cubritian referencia especial a: abast,eci-<br />

miento de agua, equip0 rotatorio casa de mgquinas, y<br />

controles ek$tricos de m&s all6 de las terminales de1<br />

generador.<br />

Con respect0 al costo de1 capital de1 abastecimiento<br />

de agua, va sin necesidad de explicaci6n que cuanto<br />

mayor sea el volumen de agua requerido por el<br />

sisiema, mayor serd ei gastc en obras civiles para<br />

proveer el agua a 10s bordes de entrada de la turbina.<br />

En general, se puede hater trueque de gastos civiles<br />

para la provisi6n de agua por maquinas rotator&<br />

m& baratas. Siempre que exista la posibilidad de<br />

gastar m&s fondos para obtener &da adicional se<br />

puede ahorrar <strong>com</strong>prando maquinas rotatorias m&s<br />

baratas. Siempre que trabajemos con equipos para<br />

plantas hidroel&&-icas decentralizadas pequefias se<br />

reconoce que normalmente consideramos aplicaciones<br />

de la corriente natural de manera que el abasteci-<br />

miento de agrta en si no sea uno de 10s m5s grandes<br />

articulos de costo.<br />

El sistema de abastecimiento de agua, sin<br />

embargo, se convierte en una consideracidn mayor en<br />

cuanto a mano de obra. Aun m&s cuando se con-<br />

sideren equipos para pequefias plantas hidroel6ctricas<br />

decentralizadas en las que a menudo substitimos<br />

mano de obra por maquinarias en lugares remotos y<br />

dificiles de alcanzar. En la btisqueda de un substituto<br />

para !a mano de obra he encontrado que el equip0<br />

simpie de una sola pieza que he utilizado con m&s fre-<br />

cuencia en lugares remotos es un tractor montado en<br />

rieles, que tiene un cargador en el frente y un azad6n<br />

en la parte de at&. Para m&, economia, se debe<br />

usar la unidad m&s grande que se pueda conseguir,<br />

que se adapte a la ubicaci6n remota y asi se ahorrar6<br />

tiempo y dinero.<br />

La materia prima requerida para el suministro de<br />

agua fu6 cubierta en otro aticulo: “Selecci6n de<br />

Lugares e Instalaci6n de Turbinas.”<br />

237<br />

l Labor requirements<br />

0 Raw materials<br />

l Technology<br />

It shouid be mentioned at once that each of<br />

these needs is lessened by the purchase of partial<br />

assemblies or sub-assemblies when possible.<br />

i would<br />

iike to expand on the specific needs of<br />

the four preceeding items with special reference<br />

to: water supply, rotating equipment, power<br />

house, and electrical controls beycnd the<br />

generator terminals.<br />

With respect to the capital cost of water supp-<br />

ly, it goes without saying that, the greater the<br />

volume of water required for the system, the<br />

larger will be the civil expenditures to provide the<br />

water to the turbine inlet flange. In general, we<br />

can trade off civil expenditures for water supply<br />

against cheaper rotating machinery. Whenever<br />

we have the possibility of spending extra money<br />

for added head, we can then save on cheaper<br />

rotating machinery. When working with small<br />

decentralized hydro equipment, it is always<br />

recognized that normally we are considering run-<br />

of-stream applications so that water supply itself<br />

is not one of the major items of equipment.<br />

The water supply system however does<br />

be<strong>com</strong>e a major labor consideration. Even more<br />

so when working with small decentralized hydro<br />

equipment where we are often substituting hand<br />

labor for machinery in difficult, remote locations.<br />

In seeking a substitute for hand labor I have<br />

found that the most valuable single piece of<br />

equipment which I have used in remote locations<br />

throughout the world is a “tractor mounted on<br />

tracks, fitted with a front-end loader on the front<br />

and a back-hoe on the rear. For further economy,<br />

use the largest unit size equipment that you can<br />

get into the remote location and you will save<br />

time and money.<br />

The raw material requirement for water supply<br />

was covered in another paper: “Site Selection<br />

and Turbine Setting.” Basically, we refer to ag-<br />

gregate, sand, cement, reinforcing steel and<br />

material for the construction of forms. In addi-<br />

tion, a small amount of steel will normally be re-<br />

quired for headgates, trash-racks, penstocks, and<br />

supporting steel structure.<br />

Technology in water supply involves mainly the<br />

knowledge of the characteristics of stream flow<br />

as portrayed by flow duration curves, annual rain-<br />

fall, and ratio of run-off to rainfall as well as

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