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La estructura m&i corriente sera una represa<br />

rellena con arena o con rotas, con un vertedero para<br />

el sobreflujo en un contrafuerte, y con las turbinas y<br />

generadores instalados en una seccidn de concrete<br />

por gravedad cerca de1 contrafuerte opuesto. La<br />

Figura 6 indica una distribucion tipica de este tipo.<br />

Uno de 10s problemas con 10s proyectos de baja caida<br />

de este tipo es que la elevacidn de las aguas<br />

descargadas aumenta la corriente inferior causada<br />

por el flujo de1 desborde sobre el vertedero<br />

disminuyendo la caida de operation en la turbina.<br />

Ademas, el vertedero debe estar ubicado de tal modo<br />

que 10s flujos de1 mismo no tiendan a construfr una<br />

barrera de grava bajo las salidas de la turbina, amon-<br />

tonando el agua y reduciendo atin m&s la &da de<br />

operacidn de las turbinas.<br />

For causa de las bajas caidas en cuestion, tambien<br />

es deseable que 10s conductos que vayan a las tur-<br />

binas y 10s tubos de aire que de alli partan, sean tan<br />

lisos y libres de curvaturas <strong>com</strong>a sea posible a fin de<br />

minimizar las perdidas de energia producidas por la<br />

resistencia al flujo. Las turbinas de bulbo, de tubo y<br />

de Panta, se adaptan particularmente bien a esta<br />

necesidad por causa de la caractetistica de facil flujo.<br />

La Figura 7 ilustra secciones tipicas de 10s cuatro<br />

diferentes tipos de turbina de baja cafda.<br />

La porcidn de mayor costo de 10s pasajes de flujo<br />

para estas unidades de baja caida son las transiciones<br />

de rectangular a circular y de nuevo a rectangular.<br />

En cada case, se deben proveer <strong>com</strong>puertas o<br />

malecones para aislar la unidad durante la inspection<br />

o la reparation. Lo m&s corntin es el uso de <strong>com</strong>puer-<br />

tas veticales de alza que se colocan en la extremidad<br />

superior de la corriente. Las <strong>com</strong>puertas rotatorias<br />

seran necesarias si se las ha de usar para 10s paros<br />

de la turbina ya que se ha de requerir operation bajo<br />

presion desnivelada. Si la corriente es controlada por<br />

in the same structure. In some designs, called a<br />

Hydro<strong>com</strong>bine,5 the flow from the spillway is<br />

directed over the top of flow from the turbine<br />

draft tube as shown in Figure 7. The flood flow<br />

tends to produce a negative pressure at the<br />

outlet of the turbine draft tube, thus, helping to<br />

counteract the tendency toward reduction of<br />

generating head during flood flows. Spillways<br />

located over the generating facilities can be con-<br />

trolled by almost any type of gate such as<br />

bascule gates, radial gates, or vertical lift gates.<br />

Inflatable bags which are fastened to the<br />

spillway crest can also be used effectively. They<br />

may be deflated during flood season and inflated<br />

during low-flow periods.<br />

Simplified low-head instatiations have been<br />

proposed as shown in figure 8. In the case of the<br />

timber dam, maintenance costs will be<br />

significantly higher than for an equivalent con-<br />

crete structure. Expected life of the structure<br />

would be less than 20 years with timber struc-<br />

tures while equivalent concrete structures will<br />

last well past 50 years if care is exercised in ob-<br />

taining quality concrete. The most frequent pro-<br />

blem in concrete structure involves alkaline<br />

substances in the aggregate which causes<br />

chemical reactions with cement resulting in<br />

cracking and sometimes severe deterioration of<br />

the concrete.<br />

Maintenance<br />

As in high-head installations, gates and valves<br />

should be operated at least monthly in order to<br />

assure the ability to operate when required. If<br />

several gates are involved, they should be iden-<br />

tical in design, and acquisition of a spare gate<br />

should be considered in the case of damage pro-<br />

medio de <strong>com</strong>puertas de mariposa, se deben construir duced by floating debris or deterioration. Turbine<br />

malecones tanto en el extremo superior corn0 en el units should be isolated and inspected for<br />

inferior de la corriente ya que se 10s puede instalar o damage annually. If the facility involves more<br />

remover bajo condiciones de presion balanceada. than one unit, inspection can be performed on<br />

Se deben construfr rejillas protectoras contra la one unit at a time.<br />

basura que se puedan limpiar con facilidad, m&s ar- Low-head plants can be operated manually or<br />

riba de donde estin instaladas estas unidades. Las remotely. For remote operation, it is desirable to<br />

velocidades de pasaje a traves de estas rejillas pro- telemeter information on stage and rate of flow<br />

tectoras contra la basura se deben mantener in the river, upstream gate settings, turbine set-<br />

aproximadamente a 1 metro por Segundo. Las vibra- tings, and power output, bearing temperatures,<br />

ciones y la faha por ajectreo son ocurrencias <strong>com</strong>unes and tailwater stage to the control center. Unit<br />

en estas rejillas contra basura.4 Se pueden desar- and control maintenance requires the same as<br />

rollar disenos para prevenir las vibraciones siempre does a high-head unit. However, for a low-head<br />

que el flujo que se aproxima a la rejilla tenga direc- unit, flood flows may create greater concern<br />

cion normal al plano de la rejilla. Un <strong>com</strong>ponente since large flows may damage the dam as well<br />

paralelo a la cara de la rejilla producira vibraciones as the generating units.<br />

181

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