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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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analiticos o para retenerlos <strong>com</strong>a consultantes. En el<br />

titimo case existe Ia incertidumbre de si estarian<br />

disponibles en el moment& adecuado. Por lo menos<br />

una soluci6n par&l a este problema es la educacidn<br />

ambiental con subvenci6n por el gobierno en las<br />

escuelas secundarias, universidades y escuelas<br />

t&&as vocacionales. Otra soluci6n partial e;; el<br />

desarrollo de laboratorios ambientales tanto en el<br />

sector pliblico <strong>com</strong>a en el privado. Algunos podran<br />

dedicarse con &fasis a la mvestigaci6n bisica y a la<br />

aplicada y otros proveerian sewicios analiticos y<br />

tknicos de rutina.<br />

Es deseable suministrar entrenamiento adecuado al<br />

personal, pero es a menudo diici! de poner en efecto.<br />

E! personal dedicado al asesoramiento ambiental<br />

necesits, ser entrenado no ~610 en 10s procedimientos<br />

particulares de la organizaci6n para la cual trabajan,<br />

sino que necesitan entrenamiento periddico (re-<br />

entrenamiento, curses para actualizaci6n) en las<br />

disciplinas de sus analisis.<br />

Muchos perciben que la caiidad de1 ambiente es<br />

preocupaci6n que pertenece a la clase media, una<br />

entidad que por lo general no existe en la mayoria de<br />

10s paises en desarrollo. Los muy pudientes pueden<br />

escapar a ambientes pristinos y relativamente<br />

saludables. .Los pobres (tanto en dinero <strong>com</strong>a en<br />

recursos) por lo general tienen poca influencia<br />

politics, han vivid0 siempre en viviendas de ambiente<br />

degradado y si se les diera la oportunidad de escoger<br />

entre un ambiente limpio y <strong>com</strong>ida en el estomago,<br />

escogetian esto Gltimo.<br />

La disponibilidad de informaci6n sobre la cual<br />

basar un anAlisis es a menudo escasa o totalmente<br />

iilexistente.<br />

La colecci6n de dat.os b&sicos es esencial para con-<br />

struir un mcdelo y para otros esfuerzos sofisticados.<br />

En ausencia de datos bkicos adecuados, el juicio de1<br />

analista se torna m&s importante, particularmente si<br />

el tiempo ~610 permite una misidn de mero reconoci-<br />

miento superficial de campo. Ocasionalmente, para<br />

<strong>com</strong>prender mejor 10s impactos posibles y para poder<br />

suministrar alguna base para la <strong>com</strong>paraci6n de 10s<br />

impactos de otros desarrollos similares, un lugar<br />

determinado puede ser elejido para observacihn<br />

intensiva de 10s indicadores ambientales claves en un<br />

estudio de <strong>com</strong>paraci6n de “antes y despues.” Esta<br />

observaci6n ha de <strong>com</strong>e;lzar antes que el desarrollo y<br />

continuar por un period0 suficientemente largo <strong>com</strong>a<br />

para establecer 10s patrones naturales y ha de con-<br />

tinuar durante el period0 de desarrollo y atin m5s<br />

79<br />

basic and applied research and others provide<br />

routine analytical and technical services.<br />

Providing adequate training for personnel is<br />

desirable, but often difficult to do. Staff used in<br />

environmental assessments need to be trained<br />

not only in the particular procedures of the<br />

organization for whom they work, but they also<br />

need periodic training (retraining, refresher<br />

courses) in the discipline of their analysis.<br />

Envirzimental quality is perceived by many to<br />

be the concern of the middle class, an entity that<br />

is by and large absent in great quantities in<br />

developing countries. The very wealthy are able<br />

to escape at will to relatively healthful and<br />

pristine environments. The poor (in both money<br />

and resources) usually have little political in-<br />

fluance; have always lived in habitats of a<br />

degraded environment and, when given a choice<br />

between a cleal! environment and a full stomach,<br />

will choose the latter.<br />

The availability of information upon which to<br />

base an analysis is often sparse or non-existent.<br />

Base line data is essential for model building and<br />

other sophisticated efforts. In ths absence of<br />

suitable base line data, the judgement of the<br />

analyst be<strong>com</strong>es more and more important par-<br />

ticular!? if time sllows nothing more than a cur-<br />

sory field reconnaissance mission or two. Occa-<br />

sionally, in order to better understand likely<br />

impacts and to provide some basis for <strong>com</strong>paring<br />

Impacts of other similar developments, a par-<br />

ticular site may be chosen for intensive monitor-<br />

ing of key environmental indicators in a “before<br />

and after” <strong>com</strong>parison study. This monitoring will<br />

begin prior to any development for a sufficienti]<br />

long period to establish natural patterns and will<br />

continue through the development stage and<br />

beyond. Obviously, it is often difficult to get suffi-<br />

cient lead time on a planned development to col-<br />

lect adequate environmental preconstruction<br />

data. Although costly and time consuming, this is<br />

the most accurate - though least used method<br />

- of measuring the true environmental impacts<br />

of a given development project. The most <strong>com</strong>-<br />

mon approaches are simulation and various other<br />

analytical techniques using description,<br />

diagrams, maps, charts, matrices and<br />

quantitative methods of varying <strong>com</strong>plexity.<br />

The cooperation of institutions in providing<br />

information, contacts, technical and financial<br />

assistance is of prime importance in performing<br />

an environmental assessment. Government<br />

agencies in agriculture, mining and energy,

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