Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com
Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com
Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com
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analiticos o para retenerlos <strong>com</strong>a consultantes. En el<br />
titimo case existe Ia incertidumbre de si estarian<br />
disponibles en el moment& adecuado. Por lo menos<br />
una soluci6n par&l a este problema es la educacidn<br />
ambiental con subvenci6n por el gobierno en las<br />
escuelas secundarias, universidades y escuelas<br />
t&&as vocacionales. Otra soluci6n partial e;; el<br />
desarrollo de laboratorios ambientales tanto en el<br />
sector pliblico <strong>com</strong>a en el privado. Algunos podran<br />
dedicarse con &fasis a la mvestigaci6n bisica y a la<br />
aplicada y otros proveerian sewicios analiticos y<br />
tknicos de rutina.<br />
Es deseable suministrar entrenamiento adecuado al<br />
personal, pero es a menudo diici! de poner en efecto.<br />
E! personal dedicado al asesoramiento ambiental<br />
necesits, ser entrenado no ~610 en 10s procedimientos<br />
particulares de la organizaci6n para la cual trabajan,<br />
sino que necesitan entrenamiento periddico (re-<br />
entrenamiento, curses para actualizaci6n) en las<br />
disciplinas de sus analisis.<br />
Muchos perciben que la caiidad de1 ambiente es<br />
preocupaci6n que pertenece a la clase media, una<br />
entidad que por lo general no existe en la mayoria de<br />
10s paises en desarrollo. Los muy pudientes pueden<br />
escapar a ambientes pristinos y relativamente<br />
saludables. .Los pobres (tanto en dinero <strong>com</strong>a en<br />
recursos) por lo general tienen poca influencia<br />
politics, han vivid0 siempre en viviendas de ambiente<br />
degradado y si se les diera la oportunidad de escoger<br />
entre un ambiente limpio y <strong>com</strong>ida en el estomago,<br />
escogetian esto Gltimo.<br />
La disponibilidad de informaci6n sobre la cual<br />
basar un anAlisis es a menudo escasa o totalmente<br />
iilexistente.<br />
La colecci6n de dat.os b&sicos es esencial para con-<br />
struir un mcdelo y para otros esfuerzos sofisticados.<br />
En ausencia de datos bkicos adecuados, el juicio de1<br />
analista se torna m&s importante, particularmente si<br />
el tiempo ~610 permite una misidn de mero reconoci-<br />
miento superficial de campo. Ocasionalmente, para<br />
<strong>com</strong>prender mejor 10s impactos posibles y para poder<br />
suministrar alguna base para la <strong>com</strong>paraci6n de 10s<br />
impactos de otros desarrollos similares, un lugar<br />
determinado puede ser elejido para observacihn<br />
intensiva de 10s indicadores ambientales claves en un<br />
estudio de <strong>com</strong>paraci6n de “antes y despues.” Esta<br />
observaci6n ha de <strong>com</strong>e;lzar antes que el desarrollo y<br />
continuar por un period0 suficientemente largo <strong>com</strong>a<br />
para establecer 10s patrones naturales y ha de con-<br />
tinuar durante el period0 de desarrollo y atin m5s<br />
79<br />
basic and applied research and others provide<br />
routine analytical and technical services.<br />
Providing adequate training for personnel is<br />
desirable, but often difficult to do. Staff used in<br />
environmental assessments need to be trained<br />
not only in the particular procedures of the<br />
organization for whom they work, but they also<br />
need periodic training (retraining, refresher<br />
courses) in the discipline of their analysis.<br />
Envirzimental quality is perceived by many to<br />
be the concern of the middle class, an entity that<br />
is by and large absent in great quantities in<br />
developing countries. The very wealthy are able<br />
to escape at will to relatively healthful and<br />
pristine environments. The poor (in both money<br />
and resources) usually have little political in-<br />
fluance; have always lived in habitats of a<br />
degraded environment and, when given a choice<br />
between a cleal! environment and a full stomach,<br />
will choose the latter.<br />
The availability of information upon which to<br />
base an analysis is often sparse or non-existent.<br />
Base line data is essential for model building and<br />
other sophisticated efforts. In ths absence of<br />
suitable base line data, the judgement of the<br />
analyst be<strong>com</strong>es more and more important par-<br />
ticular!? if time sllows nothing more than a cur-<br />
sory field reconnaissance mission or two. Occa-<br />
sionally, in order to better understand likely<br />
impacts and to provide some basis for <strong>com</strong>paring<br />
Impacts of other similar developments, a par-<br />
ticular site may be chosen for intensive monitor-<br />
ing of key environmental indicators in a “before<br />
and after” <strong>com</strong>parison study. This monitoring will<br />
begin prior to any development for a sufficienti]<br />
long period to establish natural patterns and will<br />
continue through the development stage and<br />
beyond. Obviously, it is often difficult to get suffi-<br />
cient lead time on a planned development to col-<br />
lect adequate environmental preconstruction<br />
data. Although costly and time consuming, this is<br />
the most accurate - though least used method<br />
- of measuring the true environmental impacts<br />
of a given development project. The most <strong>com</strong>-<br />
mon approaches are simulation and various other<br />
analytical techniques using description,<br />
diagrams, maps, charts, matrices and<br />
quantitative methods of varying <strong>com</strong>plexity.<br />
The cooperation of institutions in providing<br />
information, contacts, technical and financial<br />
assistance is of prime importance in performing<br />
an environmental assessment. Government<br />
agencies in agriculture, mining and energy,