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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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arroz, el molino y el extractor de<br />

aceite, UMN esti desarrollando una calefacci6n de<br />

aire, metinica. Este artefacto calienta el aire<br />

mediante friccidn de fluid0 que se puede utilizar para<br />

secar la cosecha y hasta para hornear.<br />

El programa de molinos a energia hidr&lica est.5<br />

en proceso de expansi6n para cubrir la elec-<br />

trificaci6n. El mismo tipo de turbina - para el cual<br />

existe un equip0 bien entrenado en la fgbrica,<br />

instalaci6n y mantenimiento - se usa hoy &a para<br />

10s sistemas hidroel&ricos de la <strong>com</strong>unidad.<br />

El objetivo de la presentaci6n de antecedentes es el<br />

de demostrar que el desarrollo paso a paso ha<br />

trabajado bien y se perpetia. Los propietarios de las<br />

mgquinas diesel son perfectamente capaces de<br />

administrar y mantener las turbinas y, en cualquier<br />

case, tienen familiaridad con el concept0 de energia<br />

hidrhulica de la traditional rueda hidrgulica de1<br />

Himalaya. Hay una con&ante y aun creciente<br />

demanda por estas turbinas.<br />

Electrificaci6n<br />

Del mismo modo que se hizo en la India, ITDG<br />

llev6 a cabo un estudio econ6mico de 10s proyectos<br />

micro hidr5ulicos en Nepal, antes de realizar este<br />

proyecto. El informe de esta investigacibn hizo<br />

estudio <strong>com</strong>parative de1 costo dc un sistema diesel de<br />

40 kW con una plant hidraulica equivalente. Se lleg6<br />

a la conclusi6n de que las plantas hidroel&tricas de1<br />

rango entre 10 y 100 kW tienen un costo efectivo<br />

mejor que las plantas diesel, pero en cualquier case,<br />

un costo razonable al consumidor depende de la<br />

posibilidad de conseguir factores de carga de aproxi-<br />

madamente 30 por ciento. Ver la figura 1.<br />

La primera unidad hidroelectrica fu6 instalada en<br />

1979 en la ciudad de la colina de Baglung. Despu&<br />

de seis meses de operacibn, el factor de energia era<br />

todatia muy bajo consistiendo principalmente de la<br />

iluminacibn el&trica. Parcialmente esto se debe a<br />

djsputas sobre propiedad de las tierras y <strong>com</strong>pensa-<br />

cion por la ruta de la linea de distribuci6n. Se debe<br />

tomar nota de que esta primera instalacihn fue<br />

auspiciada por el gobierno y que hubo muy pequefia<br />

_.. -<br />

participaci6n de la <strong>com</strong>unidad. Tres villas adicionales<br />

van a seguir con instalaciones de propiedad de la<br />

<strong>com</strong>unidad durante 10s pr6ximos dos ties. Los usos<br />

principales de la energia s&n: illuminacidn<br />

dom&tica, bombas de irrigacibn, molienda de maiz y<br />

arroz, y descascaramlento de arroz.<br />

El proyecto tambien ha de investigar m&todos<br />

alternativos de regulaci6n de la turbina, (regulacibn<br />

mecanica y diferentes tipos electr6nicos de control de<br />

system with an equivalent size Rydro plant. it<br />

concluded that hydroelectric schemes in the 10<br />

to 100 kW range are more cost ,effective than<br />

diesel, but in either case, a reasonable cost to<br />

the consumer per kWh depends on achieving<br />

load factors of about 30 per cent. See Figure 1.<br />

The first hydroelectric unit was installed in<br />

1979 at the hill town of Baglung. After six months<br />

operation the power factor was still very low,<br />

consisting chiefly of electrical lighting. This was<br />

partly the result of disputes over land ownership<br />

and <strong>com</strong>pensation for the distribution line route.<br />

It should be noted that this first scheme was a<br />

government sponsored one and there was little<br />

<strong>com</strong>munity participation. Three more villages will<br />

follow with <strong>com</strong>munity-owned schemes over the<br />

next two years. The chief uses of the power are<br />

to be: domestic lighting, irrigation pumping, corn<br />

and rice grinding, and rice hulling.<br />

The project will also investigate alternative<br />

methods of turbine governing, (mechanical<br />

governing and different types of electronic load<br />

control). Appropriate tariff structures, possible<br />

use of heat storage cookers, low cost means of<br />

electricity distribution (e.g. single wire earth<br />

return) and suitable ownership and management<br />

structures.<br />

System Planning<br />

In general, for these ear!y <strong>com</strong>munity systems<br />

the unit power capacities will be between 10 and<br />

50 kW. Normal low tension distribution voltages<br />

are used because high tension transformers<br />

would add an unacceptable percentage of cost.<br />

Two 30 kVa, 11 kv transformers would cost<br />

approximately the same as a 30 kVa generator.<br />

This implies that power distribution will be<br />

limited to within approximately 2 km of the power<br />

house. For the same reason no water storage is<br />

planned. However, because of the unknown load<br />

growth pattern, the canal feeding the penstock<br />

will have sufficient capacity for the turbine water<br />

flow to the power to be doubled at a future date<br />

by adding a second turbine and penstock.<br />

Where electronic load control is used, the<br />

ballast load can be sited at any convenient loca-<br />

tion in the village where a supply of hot water is<br />

required. The ballast load heaters can also be<br />

used for agricultural processing where a heat<br />

source is necessary - e.g. oil distillation and<br />

crop drying.<br />

To raise the average load factor, it is essential<br />

to start with a daytime, industrial use for the<br />

69

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