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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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El co&o de1 generador se incluye en 10s costos de<br />

la turbina. Los costoa dei gmerador vatian con ia<br />

capacidad en kYA, velocidad y configuration. El<br />

cost0 ha de aumentar con el aumento de kVA o la<br />

disminucicin de la velocidad. Los generadores ver-<br />

ticales westan m&s que 10s generadores horizontales<br />

debido a la adicion de un cojinete de empuje para las<br />

unidades verticales.<br />

Un refinamiento en 10s costos ha de <strong>com</strong>parar in-<br />

stalaciones de bajo techo (interiores) con instalaciones<br />

al aire libre. Los generadores interiores tienen un,<br />

costo mas bajo para la caja no obstante, esta recuc-<br />

cidn es contrarestada por 10s costos adicionales de la<br />

construction de la estructura.<br />

Control de la Generacih, Proteccih<br />

de1 Equip0 y Transformadores<br />

Control de la Planta Hidroelkctrica<br />

Las mini y pequefias instalaciones hidroelectricas<br />

no crean gran impact0 en la central y en consecuen-<br />

cia requieren equipos de control menos <strong>com</strong>p!ejos y<br />

menos costosos. El regulador es el controlador<br />

primario en una planta hidroelectrica mini o pequena.<br />

El regulador puede ser de operation manual, por<br />

control de un flotador al nivel de1 agua, o por el flujo<br />

de1 agua en un conducto. Cada uno de estos metodos<br />

suministra control para el arranque y !a carga de la<br />

unidad.<br />

Se controla el generador mediante el equip0<br />

estimulante y de regulation de1 voltaje. En coor-<br />

dinacion con el equip0 de sincronizacion, estas cen-<br />

trales permiten el arranque de la unidad y el control<br />

de generation de la energia y voltaje cuando la<br />

unidad est.& en operation.<br />

La ubicacion central para el control de la planta es<br />

el tablero de control principal. De alli se distribuyen<br />

todos 10s equipos de operation y monitores de la<br />

planta. Conjuntamente con 10s controles de! circuit0<br />

de la planta y sistema de acopio de energia, nor-<br />

malmente por batetias, 10s controles que se men-<br />

cionan m&s arriba son 10s sistemas predominantes de<br />

control para la operation de pequefias centrales<br />

hidroelectricas.<br />

Tablero Principal de Control. La funcion de1<br />

tablero principal de control es operar <strong>com</strong>a control y<br />

monitor de todas las funciones de la planta. En las<br />

centrales mini y pequenas que por lo general no son<br />

atendidas, una funcion primaria de1 tablero de con-<br />

trcl es la de dar una indication de1 e&ado de fun-<br />

cionamiento de la planta despues de haber sonado<br />

una “alarma” para poder despachar un #Jperador que<br />

pueda determinar la naturaleza de la alarma. Me-<br />

Generation Control, Protection<br />

Equiylment and Transformers<br />

Hydroelectric Plant Control<br />

Smal! and mini-hydroelectric installations do<br />

not create such an impact GII the system and<br />

thereby require less costly and <strong>com</strong>plex control<br />

equipment. The governor is the prirnary controller<br />

of a small and mini-hydroelectric plant. The<br />

governor may be actuated by manual operation,<br />

by float level control in the waterway or by the<br />

flow of water in a conduit. Each method provides<br />

control for starting and loading the unit.<br />

The generator is controlled through the excita-<br />

tion and voltage regulation equipment. In coor-<br />

dination with the synchronizing equipment, these<br />

systems allow for unit start-up, and voltage and<br />

power generation control when the unit is on the<br />

line.<br />

The central location for plant control is the<br />

main control board. From it emanates the <strong>com</strong>-<br />

plete operation and mo:litoring of all plant equip-<br />

ment. Together with the plant switchgear and<br />

storage energy system, normally batteries, the<br />

above are the predominant control systems for<br />

small hydroelectric plant operation.<br />

Main Control Board. The function of the main<br />

control board is to control and monitor all plant<br />

functions. In small and mini-hydroelectric plants,<br />

often unattended, a primary function of the con-<br />

trol board is to give indication of plant function<br />

status after a remote alarm has occurred so that<br />

an operator may be dispatched to determine the<br />

nature of the alarm. From this display, the<br />

operator can determine the nature of the<br />

malfunction and can then follow established<br />

operating instructions for handling the plant<br />

malfunctions and often restart the unit.<br />

The control board consists of indicating<br />

meters, control switches, lights, annunciators,<br />

mimic arrangements, interposing relays, protec-<br />

tive relays and recording instruments. The in-<br />

dicating meters provide information on voltage<br />

levels, current levels, watts, vars, temperature<br />

and unit speed. Indicating lights show status,<br />

such as “pump on - pump off” or “valve open<br />

- valve closed”. The annunciators display<br />

specific alarm of malfunction conditions<br />

throughout the plant. Generally, the annunciator<br />

points are grouped by function. One layout often<br />

used has the annunciators partitioned into<br />

generator, turbine and transmission line func-<br />

200

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