Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com
Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com
Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com
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John J. Cassidy<br />
El requerimiento de construccidn civil adecuada<br />
que Sean <strong>com</strong>patibles con la topografia local y<br />
escogidos sistemas de turbinas fueron presentados<br />
por John J. Cassidy. Se delinean las consecuencias de<br />
las instalaciones de alta caida versus las de baja<br />
Introducci6n<br />
Como las plantas hidroel&tricas pequefias tienen<br />
que pasar por las mismas consideraciones de disefio<br />
que las plantas de mayor capacidad, su costo por kilo-<br />
watt de energia desarrollada tiende a ser elevado.<br />
Para que estas pequefias facilidades Sean<br />
econdmicamente factibles se requiere un disefio im-<br />
aginatvio e innovador. En general, estas considera-<br />
ciones se pueden agrupar en dos tipos de<br />
caractetisticas: el &sterna de la turbina-generador y<br />
las obras civiles. El primer0 esti cubierto por otras<br />
presentaciones mientras este articulo se concentra en<br />
10s riltimas. En particular, se toman en consideraci6n<br />
10s aspectos especificos de1 disefio de las facilidades<br />
tanto de alta caida <strong>com</strong>a de baja &da.<br />
Los disefios innovadores son concebidos por<br />
diseiiadores que corsideran 10s requisitos globales de<br />
la operaci6n y mantenimiento de la facilidad. Como<br />
las facilidades hidroel&ctricas tienen altos costos in-<br />
iciales, hay una tendencia fuerte pars ahorran usando<br />
minima ingenieria en estos sistema. En realidad, el<br />
porcentaje de1 costo total de1 proyecto dedicado a la<br />
ingenietia debe ser significativamente m& elevado<br />
para las plantas pequefias en <strong>com</strong>paraci6n con las<br />
plantas mayores. Si no, el disefio, material y equip0<br />
en las alternativas consideradas, no podran conducir<br />
a un disefio final de costo minimo. El costo de1<br />
mantenimento y el tipo de mantenimiento necesario<br />
deben recibir suficiente consideraci6n ya que las<br />
facilidades hidroel6ctricas son disefiadas usualmente<br />
para durar de 40 a 50 ties y en efecto historica-<br />
mente han operado por mucho m&s largo tiempo.<br />
Las facilidades hidroel&tricas rara vez pueden<br />
soportar el costo de turbinas, generadores, valvulas o<br />
John J. Cassidy<br />
The requirement for appropriate civil works<br />
that are <strong>com</strong>patible with the local topography<br />
and chosen turbine systems were discussed by<br />
John L. Cassidy. The consequences of high-<br />
versus low-head installations are outlined.<br />
Introduction<br />
Because small hydroelectric plants are subject<br />
to the same design considerations as plants of<br />
large capacity, their cost/kilowatt of power<br />
developed tends to be high. In order to make<br />
these small facilities economically feasible, im-<br />
aginitive and innovative design is required. In<br />
general, these design considerations involve two<br />
genera! features: the turbine-generator system<br />
and the civil works. The former is covered by<br />
other presentations inrhile this paper concentrates<br />
on the latter. in particular, the specific design<br />
aspects of both high-head and low-head<br />
facilities are considered.<br />
Innovative designs result from designers who<br />
conceive fully the operational and maintenance<br />
requirements of the facility. Because hydropower<br />
facilities have high initial costs there is a strong<br />
tendency to minimize engineering on these<br />
systems. In actuality, the percentage of total pro-<br />
ject cost devoted to engineering should be<br />
significantly larger for small plants than for iarge<br />
plants. If it is not, the design, material, and<br />
equipment alternatives considered may not lead<br />
to a final design of minimum cost. Cost of<br />
maintenance and the type of maintenance re-<br />
quired must receive sound consideration since<br />
hydropower facilities are usually designed for a<br />
life of 40 to 50 years and in actuality have<br />
historically operated for much longer times.<br />
<strong>Small</strong> hydroelectric facilities can seldom sup-<br />
port the cost of especially designed turbines,<br />
generators, valves or gates. Thus, it is particularly<br />
important for the planner and designer to be very<br />
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