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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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John J. Cassidy<br />

El requerimiento de construccidn civil adecuada<br />

que Sean <strong>com</strong>patibles con la topografia local y<br />

escogidos sistemas de turbinas fueron presentados<br />

por John J. Cassidy. Se delinean las consecuencias de<br />

las instalaciones de alta caida versus las de baja<br />

Introducci6n<br />

Como las plantas hidroel&tricas pequefias tienen<br />

que pasar por las mismas consideraciones de disefio<br />

que las plantas de mayor capacidad, su costo por kilo-<br />

watt de energia desarrollada tiende a ser elevado.<br />

Para que estas pequefias facilidades Sean<br />

econdmicamente factibles se requiere un disefio im-<br />

aginatvio e innovador. En general, estas considera-<br />

ciones se pueden agrupar en dos tipos de<br />

caractetisticas: el &sterna de la turbina-generador y<br />

las obras civiles. El primer0 esti cubierto por otras<br />

presentaciones mientras este articulo se concentra en<br />

10s riltimas. En particular, se toman en consideraci6n<br />

10s aspectos especificos de1 disefio de las facilidades<br />

tanto de alta caida <strong>com</strong>a de baja &da.<br />

Los disefios innovadores son concebidos por<br />

diseiiadores que corsideran 10s requisitos globales de<br />

la operaci6n y mantenimiento de la facilidad. Como<br />

las facilidades hidroel&ctricas tienen altos costos in-<br />

iciales, hay una tendencia fuerte pars ahorran usando<br />

minima ingenieria en estos sistema. En realidad, el<br />

porcentaje de1 costo total de1 proyecto dedicado a la<br />

ingenietia debe ser significativamente m& elevado<br />

para las plantas pequefias en <strong>com</strong>paraci6n con las<br />

plantas mayores. Si no, el disefio, material y equip0<br />

en las alternativas consideradas, no podran conducir<br />

a un disefio final de costo minimo. El costo de1<br />

mantenimento y el tipo de mantenimiento necesario<br />

deben recibir suficiente consideraci6n ya que las<br />

facilidades hidroel6ctricas son disefiadas usualmente<br />

para durar de 40 a 50 ties y en efecto historica-<br />

mente han operado por mucho m&s largo tiempo.<br />

Las facilidades hidroel&tricas rara vez pueden<br />

soportar el costo de turbinas, generadores, valvulas o<br />

John J. Cassidy<br />

The requirement for appropriate civil works<br />

that are <strong>com</strong>patible with the local topography<br />

and chosen turbine systems were discussed by<br />

John L. Cassidy. The consequences of high-<br />

versus low-head installations are outlined.<br />

Introduction<br />

Because small hydroelectric plants are subject<br />

to the same design considerations as plants of<br />

large capacity, their cost/kilowatt of power<br />

developed tends to be high. In order to make<br />

these small facilities economically feasible, im-<br />

aginitive and innovative design is required. In<br />

general, these design considerations involve two<br />

genera! features: the turbine-generator system<br />

and the civil works. The former is covered by<br />

other presentations inrhile this paper concentrates<br />

on the latter. in particular, the specific design<br />

aspects of both high-head and low-head<br />

facilities are considered.<br />

Innovative designs result from designers who<br />

conceive fully the operational and maintenance<br />

requirements of the facility. Because hydropower<br />

facilities have high initial costs there is a strong<br />

tendency to minimize engineering on these<br />

systems. In actuality, the percentage of total pro-<br />

ject cost devoted to engineering should be<br />

significantly larger for small plants than for iarge<br />

plants. If it is not, the design, material, and<br />

equipment alternatives considered may not lead<br />

to a final design of minimum cost. Cost of<br />

maintenance and the type of maintenance re-<br />

quired must receive sound consideration since<br />

hydropower facilities are usually designed for a<br />

life of 40 to 50 years and in actuality have<br />

historically operated for much longer times.<br />

<strong>Small</strong> hydroelectric facilities can seldom sup-<br />

port the cost of especially designed turbines,<br />

generators, valves or gates. Thus, it is particularly<br />

important for the planner and designer to be very<br />

168

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