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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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mente electrica. Un programa paulatino de evolution<br />

para la provision de energia podria desarrollar 10s<br />

factores de carga mediante el suministro de energia<br />

adecuada para las condiciones existentes, en<br />

evolution, por -mejoramiento de las instalaciones de<br />

energia hidraulic mecanicas en existencia, y ulterior-<br />

mente reemplazandolas por la mas versatil energia<br />

hidroelectrica.<br />

Estudio de Caso #l - India<br />

Las investigaciones sobre el uso de energia en las<br />

villas de la India (ver cuadro 1) han indicado el muy<br />

bajo nivel de uso de energia al presente. Las cifras<br />

para las villas bolivianas fueron 3.5 veces mas que<br />

este nivel y las &as para el Norte de Mexico 5<br />

veces mas. Se puede esperar que la energia hidro-<br />

electrica suministre una fuente alternativa de energia<br />

para la agricultura (elevation de agua y proceso de la<br />

cosecha) para iluminacion y para fabricas. Tambien<br />

se puede esperar que se convierta en un medio de in-<br />

troducir nuevas actividades industriales.<br />

ITDG esti proporcionando asistencia a la Appro-<br />

priate Technology Development Association de<br />

Lucknow para introducir sistemas micro hidro pilot0<br />

en las colinas de Uttar Pradesh basados en turbinas<br />

de fabrication local y tecnicas de construction de ba-<br />

jo costo para instalaciones civiles. El proyecto fue<br />

precedido por un examen de 10s arreglos existentes<br />

en el area en t&minos de micro hidroelectricidad y<br />

tambien investigaciones economicas de 10s lugares<br />

propuestos.<br />

Sistema de Micro Hidroektricos Existentes<br />

La <strong>com</strong>ision de Electricidad de1 E&do de Uttar<br />

Pradesh mantuvo un programa de instalacion micro<br />

hidroelectrica entre 10s aiios de 1965-75. Comer&<br />

con equipos muy pequenos (5 kW) y el sistema<br />

gradualmente aumento en tamario a unidades de<br />

ZOO-300 kW en 1975. Aunque la tecnologia que se<br />

basa en disemios <strong>com</strong>erciales de turbinas de flujo<br />

cruzado, turbinas Francis, ruedas Pelton y Turgo ha<br />

dado buenos resultados, el programa fue suspendido<br />

en favor de sistemas interconectados a redes<br />

mayores de abastecimiento. La falla de estos<br />

sistemas decentralizados se debe a 10s extrema-<br />

damente bajo ingresos de las familias en esas areas y<br />

la ausencia de industrias que finalmente utilizaran la<br />

energia. Muchas familias no tenian medios para<br />

pagar el costo de la coneccion a dicha linea de Rs.<br />

200 (US$25.00). Aun cuando el abastecimiento de<br />

esta electricidad tenia un subsidio de 50% de las<br />

tarifas de Rs. 0.521kWh (QS.05) muchos no podian<br />

pagar por la iluminacidn a electricidad. En 10s<br />

sistemas antiguos la carga de iluminacion habia<br />

63<br />

energy usage. The figures for Bolivian villages<br />

were 3.5 times this level and for N. Mexico 5<br />

times. Hydroelectric power can be expected to<br />

provide an alternative source of energy for<br />

agriculture (water lifting and crop processing), for<br />

lighting and for manufacturing. It can also be<br />

expected to be a means of introducing new<br />

industrial activities.<br />

ITDG is assisting the Appropriate Technology<br />

Development Association of Lucknow to intro-<br />

duce pilot micro hydro schemes in the hill areas<br />

of Uttar Pradesh based on locally made turbines<br />

and low cost building techniques for civil works.<br />

The project was preceded by an examinationqf<br />

existing micro hydel schemes in the area and ”<br />

economic surveys of the proposed sites.<br />

Existing Micro Hydro Electric Schemes<br />

The State Electricity Board of Uttar Pradesh<br />

carried out a micro hydroelectric installation<br />

programme between 196575. Starting with very<br />

small (5 kW) sets the schemes gradually in-<br />

creased in size to 200-300 kW units by 1975.<br />

Although the technology, which is based on<br />

standard <strong>com</strong>mercial designs of cross-flow tur-<br />

bines, Francis turbines, Pelton and Turgo<br />

wheels, has proved to be sound, the programme<br />

was discontinued in favour of larger grid-<br />

connected schemes.<br />

The lack of success with these decentralized<br />

systems stems from the very low in<strong>com</strong>es of the<br />

families in those areas, and the lack of any<br />

industrial end use for the power. Many families<br />

could not afford the connection charge for this<br />

power of Rs. 200 (US$25). Even though this elec-<br />

tricity supply was subsidized at 50% of grid<br />

rates of Rs. 0.521kWh (5 cents U.S.) many could<br />

not afford power for lighting. In the older<br />

schemes the peak lighting load had built up to<br />

exceed the rated output of the generator but fell<br />

away to nothing late at night and to around a<br />

maximum of 10% in daylight hours.<br />

Load Determination<br />

In an effort to avoid a repetition of the State<br />

El.ectricity Board’s experience, ITDG and ATDA<br />

carried out a preliminary village energy demand<br />

survey in villages to be supplied from the<br />

proposed new micro hydro schemes. More<br />

detailed information on household in<strong>com</strong>e and<br />

energy use is currently being collected by<br />

enumerators, conducting house-to-house<br />

enquiries. They will evaluate:

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