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Small Decentralized Hydropower Program National ... - Cd3wd.com

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cion vtia de lugar a lugar pero hay varias considera-<br />

ciones que se deben tomar en cuenta en la etapa de1<br />

planeamiento. En primer lugar, 10s costos de1 capital<br />

y mantenimiento tienen estrecha relation, es decir,<br />

cuanto mejor se construya inicialmente, menor sera<br />

el gasto anual de mantenimiento. Se debe tomar en<br />

cuenta que si una estructura no puede sobrevivir la<br />

peor inundation o deslizamiento de las laderas, etc.,<br />

serfa mucho m&s practice considerar ciertas partes<br />

de 10s trabajos civiles <strong>com</strong>a gatos normales. Esto se<br />

aplica particular-m&e a la construccidn de represas.<br />

En muchos cases se puede evitar !a construccidn de<br />

cna represa mediante el aumento de la extension de1<br />

cauce de alimentacion de manera que llegue al tie a<br />

nivel or por debajo de la cuenca. Si se construye una<br />

represa y falla durante una inundation, es posible<br />

que no se la pueda reparar hasta la estacidn de la se-<br />

qtia y esto implicaria considerable costo en perdida<br />

de ener@a y materiales. Por otra parte, si se utiliza<br />

una “alimentacion en la estacion” el dario producido<br />

durante unit inundation podria ser rectificado al m&x-<br />

imo en unos pocos &as y a medida que baja el nivel<br />

de1 agua, asi que se minimice la posibilidad de<br />

perdida de tiempo en la generation de energia.<br />

Siempre que sea posible, se deben utilizar<br />

materiales de1 lugar para la construction de cauce de<br />

alimentacion y solo en cases excepcionales el canal<br />

ha de ser de material concrete. Esta es solo una il-<br />

ustracion de <strong>com</strong>a el uso de la tecnologia afectara el<br />

costo y el mantenimiento local de un sistema.<br />

Mechica. La solicitud m&s <strong>com</strong>un en la<br />

fabrication de maquinarias para plantas hidraulicas<br />

pequenas es la de normalization y 10s fabricantes<br />

siempre dicen que no es posible. No es re<strong>com</strong>endable<br />

pensar en tirminos de maquinas standard porque<br />

nadie va a desperdiciar 20 metros de &da porque la<br />

maquina fue disenada para una caida de 50 metros<br />

en vez de 70 metros. Como el costo elevado es esen-<br />

cialmente la trafda de1 agua a la maquina, y hay poco<br />

ahorro en la production en masa, favorecemos un<br />

sistema standard o una serie de sistemas standar-<br />

dizados en 10s cuales se incluyen 10s detalles de1<br />

lugar. Utilizando estos sistemas, se<br />

construye una maquinaria.<br />

Quiza no se apliquen 10s criterios tradicionales<br />

utilizados para planear las instalaciones micro hidro-<br />

electricas, tales <strong>com</strong>a energia durante todo el ano,<br />

mantenimiento de las maquinas, suministro de las<br />

necesidades industriales de1 mundo, etc. Se podra<br />

notar que la pequena cantidad de kilowatts<br />

generados durante la estacidn de la sequia no<br />

geometry machines of different sizes make far<br />

better economic sense than one variable<br />

geometry one. It may also be economic to<br />

generate power during the dry season with<br />

diesel. On a network which is run largely by<br />

diesel plants, a hydro installation may be<br />

regarded simply as a fuel saving device, i.e. every<br />

kW generated is fuel saved and it makes no dif-<br />

ference what time of year it is running. When<br />

designing the machine, due consideration should<br />

be given to what maintenance will be required<br />

and who will carry it out. If maintenance periods<br />

are short and the failure to carry it out does not<br />

cause permanent damage to the equipment, then<br />

it will probably get done. For example, if plain<br />

bearings are used and they are not greased, they<br />

will heat up and seize within a few days and the<br />

operator will soon learn that, if he requires the<br />

power, then he must grease the bearings. An<br />

alternative is to use sealed bearings and this<br />

changes the responsibility to the manufacturer to<br />

state when they should be replaced. The inter-<br />

mediate stage of greased ball races is in my<br />

opinion very unsatisfactory, because a lot of<br />

damage is caused by using the wrong or dirty<br />

grease or by over-greasing causing heating or<br />

damage to the seals. Failure of a ball race is<br />

usually catastrophic and may damage other<br />

<strong>com</strong>ponents.<br />

There is usually iittle hope of rl.mning the plant<br />

even under reduced load until such time as a<br />

replacement can be found. The shutdown of a<br />

plant at a critical time of the year could be very<br />

serious. If it is the intention to.manufacture all or<br />

part of the machinery in the country, then the<br />

broad design criteria should be discussed at the<br />

planning stage so that the necessary skills can<br />

be obtained where and when they are required.<br />

74<br />

Governing Systems. Micro hydro installations<br />

are either hand controlled or have some form of<br />

mechanical or hydraulic governor. The mechanics<br />

of governing an impulse turbine are not too <strong>com</strong>-<br />

plicated as far as the turbine design is con-<br />

cerned, but for low head reaction turbines the<br />

extra cost of a variable flow turbine is con-<br />

siderable, excluding the cost of the actual<br />

governor, which may be many thousands of<br />

pounds. By adopting a system of electronic load<br />

control, you can design a very cheap turbine and<br />

yet obtain a very acceptable degree of accuracy<br />

in control. Another advantage is that turbine con-<br />

struction can be separated into two, rather than

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