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vegetation. El establecimiento de una ruta aerea a<br />

traves de la selva requerira la limpieza de un cor-<br />

redor aproximadamente de 30 metros de ancho (100<br />

pies).<br />

Cualquier cambio mayor en el patron de la carga<br />

y descarga de1 reservorio puede afectar la vegetation<br />

de la costa. El almacenaje podria ser restring-id0<br />

ademas por requerimientos de quo se mantenga el<br />

flujo aguas abajo. La operacidn aprovechando la cor-<br />

riente de1 rio no produce cambios en la ecologia<br />

terrestre.<br />

El almacenaje para satsifacer las necesidades<br />

diarias de alto uso pueden resultar en una fluctuation<br />

diurna de algunos pies. Este resultado se consigue<br />

aumentando el nivel mkximo de1 agua o disminuyen-<br />

do el nivel minimo. La primera estrategia disminuye<br />

las viviendas terrestres y la tiltima disminuye las<br />

viviendas acuaticas. Ambos procedimientos aumentan<br />

la erosion de las costas no protejidas, de tal modo<br />

contribuyendo a la formation de costas descubiertas<br />

y lodosas. Si la costa esta cubierta de pedregullo, el<br />

impact0 sobre la vegetacidn terrestre sera propor-<br />

ciona! al Area adicional que requiera tal protection.<br />

El almacenaje inundatia la vegetation terrestre<br />

solo cuando se lo ejecuta levantando el nivel de1<br />

reservorio por encima de 10s niveles pre-<br />

hidroelktricos durante 10s petiodos en que el reser-<br />

vorio estk cerca de su capacidad maxima. Existe alta<br />

posibilidad de que dichos efectos ocurran en 10s<br />

reservorios que tienen poca fluctuation anual. Los<br />

efectos de la inundation sobre las plantas resultan<br />

primordialmente <strong>com</strong>a consecuencia de la creation de<br />

un ambiente carente de oxigeno en la zona de las<br />

rakes. Solo 10s terrenos mas arenosos pueden ser<br />

aireados en medio dia.<br />

La saturation de1 suelo resulta en la reduction o<br />

paro en el crecimiento de las rakes en las especies<br />

tolerantes y semitolerantes, y en la muerte de las<br />

rakes en las especies intolerantes. La inundation es<br />

de lo mas danina cuando ocurre durante la estacion<br />

de1 crocimiento de la cosecha. Aunque las inunda-<br />

ciones tipicamente resultaran en un cambio en la<br />

<strong>com</strong>position de las especies de plantas que incluiran<br />

las especies tolerantes, algunos &-boles menos<br />

tolerantes a veces desarrollan sistemas de rakes<br />

superficiales, en forma de “discos.”<br />

Las plantas vascular.:ts acuaticas y semiacuaticas<br />

(hidrofitas) de las costas, potencialmente son tam-<br />

bien afectadas por las operaciones hidroelectricas.<br />

Por causa de la fluctuation en el nivel de agua y las<br />

asociadas erosiones de las costas y la sedimentacibn,<br />

10s reservorios h:droel&tricos generalmente sopor-<br />

91<br />

always, refers to a living entity as the recipient.<br />

As in changed condition, the effect(s) may be due<br />

to one or more causes and one or more changed<br />

conditions and may likewise occur irrmediately<br />

or gradually or only under certain circumstances,<br />

Impact<br />

This term, in first order impacts, usually refers<br />

to what happens to man as a result of the<br />

preceding events. That is, it relates the conse-<br />

quences of the effect(s) to man. The impacts also<br />

have time and other variables as dependents.<br />

Let’s consider an example of a first order im-<br />

pact, the nitrogen super-saturation problem. The<br />

cause is the driving of dissolved gases into<br />

receiving water by the force of the discharge. The<br />

changed condition is an increased concentration<br />

of dissolved gases in the water below the dam.<br />

The effect is that fish suffer from nitrogen nar-<br />

cosis and die in large numbers. The impacts of<br />

this fish mortality may result in an economic loss<br />

to <strong>com</strong>mercial fishermen, a recreational loss to<br />

sport fisherman and an altered ecosystem.<br />

Let us consider another example, a variation of<br />

the first: the problem of sedimentation. The<br />

cause is a high discharge velocity. The changed<br />

conditions are two: scouring, which also acts as<br />

a cause and turbidity. The effect is the deposition<br />

of layers of silt downstream, say on the nesting<br />

grounds of an important recreational or <strong>com</strong>mer-<br />

cial fish species. The impacts are the same as<br />

before.<br />

Let us consider higher order impacts in<br />

another example, the environmental impacts of<br />

the product: electrical energy. The Gause is the<br />

availability of electrical energy from a small<br />

hydro plant. The changed conditions are many<br />

but we will choose only one: the development of<br />

a lumber business based on an electricity-con-<br />

suming saw mill. The effect of the saw mill is a<br />

vastly increased rate of deforestation. The im-<br />

pacts of a high rate of deforestation are environ-<br />

mental in the loss of wildlife habitat and increas-<br />

ed erosion and they are social and economic in<br />

the loss of land end in the vegetation with poten-<br />

tial for silvicultural and/or agricultural<br />

development.<br />

Finally, it should be clear that this framework<br />

for organizing information may also be used to<br />

analyze positive impacts.<br />

Scale Factor<br />

A principal environmental factor of small scale

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