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estoc&tieo o determinista (y naturalmente, una <strong>com</strong>-<br />

binacidn de 10s dos).<br />

En el mbtodo estocktico se considera que las<br />

variables son de carkter estadktico cuyas distribu-<br />

ciones de probabilidad pueden ser funciones de<br />

tiempo (una. excelente referencia es C!arke, 1973). Es<br />

muy importante no dejarse ilusionar fkilmente por<br />

las series de tiempo generadas estoc&ticamente. En<br />

primer lugar, el modelo dependiente totalmente de la<br />

informacihn histOrica utilizado para el ctilculo de 10s<br />

par&metros estatisticos. La validez de dichas<br />

muestras estadisticas es definitivamente una funci6n<br />

de la calidad y cantidad de la informaci6n sobre la<br />

cual se las determinaron; sin embargo, todas sufren<br />

el “error de1 muestreo”. En Segundo lugar, la<br />

suposici6n basica es que el ‘imundo” a geuerarse<br />

sint&camente esti realmente representado por dicho<br />

modelo. Ambas suposiciones pueden presentar pro-<br />

blemas para la conceptualizaci6n de la valides (y<br />

valor) de 10s resultados.<br />

El problema principal en utilizarlo puede ser fre-<br />

cuentemen+* aquel al cual nos referimos anterior-<br />

mente: la <strong>com</strong>putadora. Corn0 programar una <strong>com</strong>-<br />

putadora para que genere la informaci6n estockstica<br />

es una cosa muy simple, al mismo tiempo es muy<br />

f&i1 ser despistado al creer que, por ejemplo, de 10s<br />

datos b$sicos de 10 ties uno pueda generar una<br />

secuencia de 1000 ties m&s de eventos v&lidos. El<br />

hidr6logo tiene que tener siempre presente ia<br />

longitud de sus datos hist6ricos sobre 10s cuales esti<br />

basado su modelo. Para poder <strong>com</strong>prendzr la<br />

importancia de1 “error de1 muestreo”, se le<br />

re<strong>com</strong>ienda revisar Benson (1960) en el cual se<br />

postula una poblaci6n a 1000 adios y se seleccionaron<br />

al azar pequefias muestras de diferentes tamtios.<br />

Posteriormente estas muestras de diferente tamafio<br />

fueron objet0 de anhlisis de frequencia.<br />

Una precauci6n final en el uso de modelos<br />

estoc5sticos: se puede generar muchas series de<br />

diferente longitud, y ninguna de ellas reproducira la<br />

secuencia histdrica - aunque, estadisticamente<br />

hablando, las caracteristicas de las series generadas<br />

convergir&n con las de ia muestra original de donde<br />

fueron derivadas. Esto no significa nada, except0 que<br />

el modelo repro&~&-5 la muestra. 140 se debe war<br />

<strong>com</strong>a prueba e! hecho de n,ue las series generadas<br />

para longitudes extremas tengan gran valor<br />

inherente. Sin embargo existen por io menos cinco<br />

valores importantes en la aplicacidn correcta de1<br />

modelo estoc&tico: (1) sugieren otros (quiz& m&s<br />

importantes) 6rdenes de series similares que pueden<br />

ser evaluadas por su impacto, (2) atin cukndo no<br />

40<br />

application could be estimated, (4) they can be<br />

used to “fill in” missing data with values that<br />

preserve the stochastic nature of the original<br />

series, and (5) where, as is most often the case,<br />

rainfall data is more available than runoff data,<br />

they can be appiied to the rainfaii series and the<br />

generated rainfall sequences used with more<br />

deterministic rainfall-runoff models in order to<br />

generate runoff sequences.<br />

In hydropower studies we are generally con-<br />

cerned with methods by which streamflow series<br />

can be daveloped. Of particular interest tend to<br />

be ,the rainfall-runoff process models.<br />

A number of deterministic models exist that<br />

variously conceptualize the physical processes<br />

within the watershed. They may be used with<br />

(among others) precipitation data in order to<br />

develop the hypothesized streamflow. One well-<br />

known example, developed by the U.S. Corps of<br />

Engineers, is the SSARR model. In this model,<br />

the precipitation is distributed between runoff<br />

and soil moisture recharge. A soil moisture index<br />

and rainfall intensity is required. Runoff is<br />

distinguished between base flow and direct<br />

runoff and the direct runoff is characterized by<br />

subsurface and surface. Storage zones are fed by<br />

the runoff <strong>com</strong>ponents, the sum of which is<br />

taken as the streamflow for the watershed.<br />

Precipitation and monthly values of evapotrans-<br />

piration (or weighted jpan evaporation) data are<br />

required. Other factors can be established as<br />

constants or with tabulated functions. The cali-<br />

bration is executed by trial and error - requiring<br />

an existing streamflow series. Obviously, the<br />

model’s accuracy gives satisfactory results only<br />

when sufficient data exists.<br />

A more sophisticated model with a more <strong>com</strong>-<br />

plete physical base is the Stanford Watershed<br />

Model (and its more highly developed extension<br />

and improvement the Hydro<strong>com</strong>p Simulation<br />

<strong>Program</strong>). These models require a great deal<br />

more input - rainfall, temperatures, radiation,<br />

wind speeds, monthly or daily pan evaporation.<br />

Others, such as the Sacramento Model and the<br />

SHE (Syst’eme Hydrologique Europ/een), exist as<br />

well, as do numerous others developed for<br />

specific applications. But for generation of mean<br />

monthly data, all of these models tend to be<br />

much too detailed for the level of data <strong>com</strong>monly<br />

available.<br />

The choice of model is often guided by the size<br />

of the watershed. <strong>Small</strong>er watersheds will pro-

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