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saxelmwifo enis swavlebis sakiTxebi: problemebi da gamowvevebi Issues of State Language Teaching; Problems and Challenges IV uRleba - statikuri vnebiTebi (e. w. mdgomareobis pasivebi - Zustandspassiva): ZP1 - saarviso versia: weria, agdia, afenia; ZP2 - sasxviso versia: uweria, ugdia, ufenia; ZP3 - sazedao situaciisa: aweria, axatia. V uRleba - e. w. inversiuli zmnebi (anu iribi zmnebi - Indirekte Verben): IV1 - iribobieqturi piris niSniT: sZuls, hyavs, hqonda; IV2 - obieqturi qceva: uyvars; IV3 - situaciis niSniT: axsendeba, agviandeba; IV4 - eniani pasivis formisa: (ra) exumreba, (ra) emRereba. wignSi yuradReba eqceva masalis miwodebis Tanamimdevrobasac: jer ganxilulia gardamaval zmnaTa pirveli da meore seriis formebi, xolo swavlebis ufro maRal safexurze - e. w. inversiuli zmnebi, obieqturi piris niSnebi da mesame seriis formebi. irib zmnebTan avtori dawvrilebiT ganmartavs inversiulobis arss, gramatikuli da semantikuri subieqt-obieqtebis mimarTebas. bolos is aanalizebs Taviseburad uRlebad anu fuZemonacvle zmnebsac (aris, aqvs, hyavs, zis, modis). mwkrivebis CamonaTvali tradiciulia, oRond prezensul jgufSi (avtoris terminiT, I droiTi jgufi - I Zeitgruppe) aRaraa gamoyofili ori wre, mwkrivebi ki dawyvilebulia Semdegnairad: a. Präsens - awmyo, b. Futurum - myofadi, g. Imperfekt - uwyveteli, d. Konditionalis - xolmeobiTi, e. Konjunktiv I: Präsens Konjunktiv I - a. prezensuli koniunqtivi; Futurum Konjunktiv - b. futurumis koniunqtivi. kita Cxenkelma qarTuli zmnebis indeqsaciis principi bolomde gaatara vrcel qarTul-germanul leqsikonSi, romelic am saxelmZRvanelos uSualo da organuli gagrZelebaa. yvela zmnasTan miTiTebulia uRlebis tipi zemoT CamoTvlili simboloebis Sesabamisad da zmnebi dalagebulia budobrivi principiT (Zirebis mixedviT, versiisa da kauzaciis gaTvaliswinebiT), rac im droisaTvis axali sityva iyo qarTul leqsikografiaSi. leqsikonis winasityvaobaSi avtori aRniSnavs: „mTavari iyo, mepova axleburi gza qarTuli zmnis warmoCenisa, romlis meSveobiTac zmna ara marto yovlismomcvelad unda gaanalizebuliyo, aramed es gakeTebuliyo racionalurad. raki qarTul enas saxeli gauvarda, rogorc Znels, rTuli zmnuri sistemis mqones, saWiro iyo am formaTa labirinTSi cotaodeni sinaTle mainc Segvetana~ (Cxenkeli, 1960-1965, gv. XIX- XX). kita Cxenkeli asabuTebs, ratom araa mizanSewonili leqsikonSi sawyisis amosaval formad SerCeva da mis mixedviT zmnaTa gawyoba. mizezebad is asaxelebs masdarSi versiis arqonas, aqtiuri da pasiuri formebis, pirianobis ganurCevlobas, misgan zmnis uRlebadi formebis warmoebis SeuZleblobas, zogierTi zmnis Sesabamisi masdaris ararsebobas da sxv. (ix. Cxenkeli, 1958, 1, gv. 623-628). h. fenrixis „qarTuli enis mokle gramatika“ pirvelad gamoica 1986 wels. masSi gamoyofilia zmnebis 4 tipi: 1. gardamavali aqtivebi (xatavs); 2. pasivebi (i-eba/i-eva: ixateba, iglijeba, ireva, ingreva; -ebi: Tbebi, -d-eba: wiTldeba, pataravdeba); 3. gardauvali aqtivebi (muSaobs, darajobs, yviris) da 4. grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebi (uyvars, sZuls, unda). avtori ixilavs zmnebis Semdeg jgufebsac: bunebis movlenebis aRmniSvnels (Tbila, civa, moTovs, wvims), araregularuls (aris, aqvs, hyavs, midis, ivlis, aZlevs, dgas, wevs, zis, surs, svams, vardeba, brZandeba, hgavs) da metyvelebis semantikis zmnebs (ambobs, eubneba) (fenrixi, 1986, gv. 71-134). es dayofa ZiriTadad efuZneba ak. SaniZiseuls, magram zustad ar emTxveva, radgan avtori saubrobs piris niSnebis inversiaze uyvars tipis zmnebSic. garda amisa, enian formebSi e-s ar miiCnevs vnebiTis niSnad. naSromSi dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli am jgufebis zmnaTa uRlebis Taviseburebebi. 221
saxelmwifo enis swavlebis sakiTxebi: problemebi da gamowvevebi Issues of State Language Teaching; Problems and Challenges wignSi mocemulia qarTuli zmnis agebulebis zogadi sqema, romelSic gamoyofilia 21 formanti: zmniswinebis sami jgufi (1 - wina-, ze-; 2 - da-, aR-, ga-, Se-, wa-; 3 - mo-), subieqturi piris prefiqsi v-, obieqturi piris prefiqsebi (m-, g-, gv-, h), e. w. maxasiaTebeli xmovnebi (xmovanprefiqsebi: a, e, i, u), mimReoburi prefiqsi „m“, Ziri an martivi fuZe, fuZis savrcobi „a“, masdaris sufiqsebi (-om, -ol), vnebiTis sufiqsi „-d“, awmyos fuZis formantebi (-eb, ob, -av-, -am, -i, -em, -of), kauzaciis niSnebi (-ev, -in), kauzativis awmyos formanti -eb, mimReoburi sufiqsi -ar, pasivis formantebi awmyoSi (-eb, -ev, -ob), prezensuli savrcobebi (-od, -d), CanarTi -n, mwkrivis niSnebi (-i, -o), pirisa da ricxvis sufiqsebi (-s, a, -es, -nen), CanarTi -i, damxmare zmnebi (-a, -var, - iyavi), ricxvis niSani (-T), iribi naTqvamis niSnebi (sxvaTa sityvis nawilakebi -o, Tqo). sqemaSi CamoTvlilia Sesabamisi zmnebis TiTo magaliTi: Wam, davaxatvineb, winaaRudgnen, (ra Zala) madgas, mohkvdomia, eRlabuceboda, dagvaTvalierebinebdnen, gaviyinebi, Sevmcdariyavi, ubrZolniaT, daqaldao, dagixativarT, zewamoiWra, mogvaSlevines, gamomiyvano-Tqo. 2006 wels gamoqveynda l. abulaZisa da a. ludenis saxelmZRvanelo, romelic gamiznulia sametyvelo qarTuli enis dasaufleblad sasaubro teqstebis meSveobiT. TandarTul gramatikul cnobarSi zmnebi dayofilia uRlebis sam tipad (prof. d. meliqiSvilis diaTezebis Teoriis mixedviT): 1. pirveli uRleba: brunvacvalebadi subieqtis mqone gardamavali da gardauvali zmnebi (e. w. aqtiuri saSuali zmnebi); 2. meore uRleba: ucvleli subieqtis mqone gardauvali (nasaxelari, nawarmoebi) da pasiuri (dinamikuri, statikuri) zmnebi, aseve germanuli ukuqceviTi zmnebis ekvivalenturi formebi; 3. mesame uRleba: micemiTbrunviani subieqtis mqone iribi anu inversiuli zmnebi. meore uRlebis zmnebTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnulia, rom qarTul lingvistur literaturaSi maT akuTvneben vnebiT gvars, Tumca ucxoels amis gageba uWirs, radgan germanulad Targmnisas isini xSirad araa pasivebi (abulaZe, ludeni, 2006, gv. 204). marTalia, gramatikuli cnobari arc ise vrcelia, magram kargadaa gadmocemuli qarTuli enis specifika da zmnebis Taviseburebebi. saxelmZRvanelos avsebs Semdegi zmnebis uRlebis nimuSebi (abulaZe, ludeni, 2006, gv. 245-323): aris, xatavs, ixateba, (xatia), aqvs, hyavs, Svreba, unda, dgas, zis, midis, icis, uyvars, esmis, usmens, aZlevs, kvdeba, eZebs, sZinavs, laparakobs, elaparakeba, ambobs, eubneba da sxv. miTiTebulia masdarisa da mimReobis formebi. 2010 wels gamovida S. xotivari-iungeris, d. meliqiSvilisa da l. vitekis „qarTuli zmnuri tabulebi“, romelSic gamoyofilia zmnebis 3tipi. wignis Teoriul safuZvlad iqca zmnaTa dajgufeba sam diaTezad damana meliqiSvilis naSromebis mixedviT, gansxvavebiT gvarebad dayofis principisagan. diaTeza emyareba rogorc zmnis struqturas, ise mis konstruqcias, moicavs gvars, versias, konversiasa da inversias, zmnaTa statikuroba-dinamikurobas, aseve iTvaliswinebs aqtantTa brunvacvalebadobasa da semantikas. wignSi 800 zmnasTan miTiTebulia uRlebis tipi da paradigma, Sesabamisi masdari, ZiriTadi droiTi formebi (awmyo, aoristi, perfeqti anu I TurmeobiTi) da logikuri subieqtis brunva. am monacemebis daxmarebiT SesaZlebelia sxva zmniswinebiT nawarmoebi msgavsi struqturis zmnebis sworad uRleba. germanuli zmnebis anbanur rigSi SeiZleba vipovoT Sesabamisi qarTuli zmna, davadginoT misi uRlebis tipi da movZebnoT nimuSic. am indeqsaciiT ucxoeli advilad gaerkveva qarTuli zmnebis sirTuleebSi, damoukideblad auRlebs da gamoiyenebs maT. wignis ZiriTadi nawili zmnebis tabulebs ukavia (xotivari-iungeri da sxv., 2010, gv. 30-95), Semdeg mocemulia paradigmebi diaTezebis mixedviT (iqve, gv. 95-137), bolos ki - gansakuTrebul zmnaTa sia TargmaniTurT (iqve, gv. 137-160). 222
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saxelmwifo enis swavlebis sakiTxebi
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ekaterina protasova helsinkis unive
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REFERENCES saxelmwifo enis swavlebi
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Irine Shubitidze CCIIR, Tbilisi, Ge
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Sophie Mujiri Ivane Javakhishvili T
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� Creates opportunities for pract
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