Untitled

saxelmwifo enis swavlebis sakiTxebi:
problemebi da gamowvevebi
Issues of State Language Teaching;
Problems and Challenges
Dative case. Unlike Georgian in Ossetian language the Narrative case is absent and the subject takes only
the Nominative case (rarely in the Genitive). The subject is in the Nominative case with the verb of Series I as
well as with the verbs of Series II and III. In Ossetic it sounds natural: lёg xudy kaci icinis (a man is laughing),
lёg baxudty kaci gaicina (instead of kacma gaicina). Proceeding from the construction of the Ossetian
language, it is natural to say: mamali yivis, mamali iyivla, mamali uyivlia (the cock is crowing).
In Georgian language Contact is that form of the verb which shows that subjective person acts directly on
the object immediately or by means of other person. According to this, Contact is direct and indirect.
Direct contact has its derivatives: in, ev, evin, ebin.
In Ossetic for expression of direct contact the base form of the verb is used which is attached to the auxiliary
verb: kёny – apazyn ёi yn kёny – aketebinebs (make somebody do), amёlyn ёi yn kёny – akvlevinebs
(the killing of animals).
If the verb is auxiliary, for expression of direct contact in some instances the auxiliary verb is attached once
more to the base form.
xёryn kёny – achmevs (feeds), nyv yn kёny – uxatavs (has somebody drawn).
In such case the subject of a transitive verb (he) makes act the indirect object, a real doer of the action
(him).
In Georgian language the verb also expresses possession and destination. An object is not anybody’s possession,
nor intended for somebody; the object belongs to the doer of the action, subject; one object belongs to
another or it is intended for him. According to this, we have three subjective versions (Geo. kceva): saarviso -
“for no one”(I am building), sataviso – “for oneself”(I am building for myself) and sasxviso – “for someone
else” (I am building for him) or as that is the same, three versions: neutral, for subject and for object
(A.Shanidze). Different forms of the version in Georgian are rendered by prefixes (a-ketebs, i-shenebs, ucers),
sometimes only by form (cers).
How are the various forms of version rendered in Ossetian?
In Ossetian the verb form cannot render the version. Its rendering with any verb form by attaching prefixes
and suffixes, is impossible. For rendering any form of the version relevant nouns or pronouns must be attached.
“Man saxli aashena – Uyi xёdzar samadta (saarviso version (for no one) – nikaion arxaid), “He has
built a douse for himself” – Uyi xёdzar samadta iёxicen (sataviso version – xion arxaid), “He has built a
house for him” – Uyi kёmёnder xёdzar samadta (sasxviso version – iskaion arxaid). In the first, second and
third cases the verb “aashena” – samadta (has built) is rendered by one and the same form. For rendering of
possession-destination relation in Ossetian language the verb does not change the form. The noun or
relevantly used pronoun changes the form.
Negative particles ar and ver in Georgian express difference of nuances of action. Their addition acquires
negative context to the action denoted by the verb but different from each other. Namely, the negative particle
ar together with the verb denotes such action when the subject does not wish to fulfill an action and acts on
one’s own volition: Ar davcer! Ar davxatav! Ar shevcham! The nuance of such categoricity to such statements
is attached by the particle ar. The particle ver “cannot” which also expresses negative content is not so categorical.
It denotes an action which in spite of volition of the subject is not possible: ver davcer, ver davxatav,
ver shevcham. In Ossetian the negative particle nё expresses both nuances of categorisity and proceeding from
abilities.
nё nyfyston ar davcere – cat. nuance;
nё nyfyston ar damiceria – neutr.nuance;
nё nyfyston ver davcere– ability. In such case in Ossetian language the speaker adds words (ar shemezlo)
through which he explains he failed to write (due to various reasons).
Prepositions (pazёvёrdte, razdzyrdtё) and postpositions (fёsёvёrdtёe, fёsdzyrdtё) are both attested in
Ossetian. Both preposition and postposition represent preposition attached to this or that case form of the
nouns in order to indicate the state, direction, destination or other relation to the mentioned subject”
(A.Shanidze).
Ossetic uses mostly postpositions, although several prepositions exist in the language, namely:
ёd – tan, -ian -ad postpositions (in modern Georgian preposition in place of prefix is rarity. In specialist
literature postposition is usually called preposition).
ёd-gёrztё – “iaragianad” (with armory); ёd-dzauma – “niftebianad” (with things).
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