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Jelena Filipović: LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING IN STANDARD ...
the ‘command and control model’ of language management, but on concepts and
ideas of complexity theory, in which language management becomes replaced by
language leadership.
3. Language policy and complexity theory
Management is a term borrowed from engineering and management sciences, and
it is defined as planning, controlling and coordinating activities in order to achieve a
set of objectives by following a number of well-defined procedures. It presupposes
the presence of a manager (or a number of managers) whose role is to direct and
control the people they manage in order to successfully complete a certain task.
In complexity theory 3 , however, management is replaced by leadership,
which is
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(…), an amorphous phenomenon that has intrigued us since people began organizing,
(and which) is being examined now for its relational aspects. (…) there
are more and more studies on partnership, followership, empowerment, teams,
networks, and the role of context. (…) Ethical and moral questions are no longer
fuzzy religious concepts but key elements in the relationship any organization has
with colleagues, stakeholders, and communities. (Whitley 2004: 13-14)
Leadership is based on trust and solidarity, while management relies on institutionalized,
formalized positions of power within the organization’s hierarchy
(Faucher, Everett, Lawson 2008: 7).
In order to provide a more comprehensive outlook of an alternative theory
and method of language policy and planning based on complexity theory, it is
necessary to further discuss some of its concepts. Until the second half of the
20 th century positivist methodological models dominated all spheres of scientific
research. Objectivity of research procedures and definition of universal, permanent,
unchangeable laws and theories was the principal objective of all activities
in natural and technical sciences on the one hand, and in social sciences and humanities
on the other (Bondarenko 2007). A series of new discoveries, primarily
in natural sciences, such as physics and chemistry, and discovery and research of
dissipative structures 4 by Nobel Prize laureate in chemistry Ilya Prigogine have
shed new light on the overall organization of all living systems:
3 “Complexity science introduces a new way to study regularities that differs from traditional science.
Traditional science has tended to focus on simple cause-effect relationships. (…) Complexity
science posits simple causes for complex effects. (…) Complexity thery, or complexity studies, is an
inclusive term that admits multiple ways of knowing” (Phelan 2001: 130; 135).
4 Dissipative structures are defined as ordered structures which are created out of complex, seemingly
unpredictable interactions among large numbers of elements (Bondarenko 2007: 40). Dissipation
is here understood as a more general term, as a view of reality as a product of thought, action