Примењена лингвистика у част Ранку Бугарском - Језик у

Victor A. Friedman: FROM THE BALKANS TO BAHASA: COMPARATIVE ...
languages it is clear that there are about 10,000 lexical items that have entered one
or more of the languages, and of these close to half are ultimately of Arabic origin
(Boretzky 1975, 1976, Dizdari 2005, Knežević 1962, Krăsteva 2000, Latifi 2006,
Grannes, Hauge, and Süleymanoğlu 2002, Jašar-Nasteva 2001, Rolett 1996, Škaljić
1966; cf. also Lokotsch 1927, Miklosich 1884-90, and Friedman 1989).
Since the dissolution of the second Yugoslavia, the standardization of Bosnian
by Bosniac language planners has involved, among other things, a major revival
of Turkisms, especially those of Arabo-Persian origin (on Turkisms in the
Balkans see Kazazis 1972, Friedman 1996). The result then is to bring the most
Muslim-identified of the languages in the Balkans lexically closer to Malaysia the
other end of Eurasia. The parallel does not stop there, however. Just as Malay can
serve the language of Islamic identity and instruction in Southeast Asia outside the
Bahasa region, e.g. in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Philippines (cf. Blust
2009: 58-59), so, too, Bosnian is being promoted as the Muslim language of choice
even in communities where the local dialects are closer to Standard Macedonian
than to any of the Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian-Montenegrin (BCSM) standards. 8 In
Greece, Turkish competes with Greek and Pomak, 9 while among Slavic-speaking
Muslims in Macedonia and Kosovo, Albanian competes with Turkish as well as
Macedonian and Bosnian. 10 And then there is Romani, an Indic language and thus
the source of some loanwords in the Balkans related to Sanskrit. The majority of
Roms in the Ottoman Balkans (which, from a Romani point of view, would mean
those territories that were part of Turkey in 1870) are Muslim, and converts to
Christianity such as the Djorgovci of Southern Serbia (Zlatanović 2006), have lost
Romani, although many other Orthodox Christian Romani groups do keep the language,
and there are Muslim groups that have shifted to Turkish (the so-called Millet
of Bulgaria, see also Marushiakova et al. 2001). 11 Be that as it may, a nuanced
8 Bahasa, a word of Sanskrit origin, means simply ‘language’. I shall return to naming issues later,
but for the moment, the Bahasa region refers to those polities where one or more of the official languages
is based on Riau or Riau-Johor Malay. In the Goran villages of Kosovo, whose dialects were
recognized as part of Macedonian in the 1980s, schools now teach standard Bosnian. In Albanian
Gora, only Albanian is taught in the schools.
9 The Pomaks are Slavic-speaking Muslims particularly concentrated on both sides of the Rhodope
mountains and adjacent regions in Bulgaria and Greece. Their dialects are basically the same as those
of their Christian neighbors and are considered Bulgarian in Bulgaria. In Greece, they are treated as a
separate language when treated at all (Kokkas 2004). They are quite different from Standard Bulgarian,
and even native speakers from other parts of Bulgaria have trouble understanding Rhodopian dialects.
10 Moreover, Turkish and Albanian are also in competition. In Macedonia, Turkish retains its urban
prestige to this day, but the provisions of the Macedonian constitution’s fifth amendment work de
facto in favor of Albanian by specifying certain language rights in terms of 20% of the population.
11 In Greece, except for Western Thrace, Muslim Roms were expelled along with all other Muslims
(except the Albanian-speaking Chams) in the so-called exchange of populations between Greece and
58