Примењена лингвистика у част Ранку Бугарском - Језик у

Jelena Filipović: LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING IN STANDARD ...
organization and formation of new and more complex structures, which allow the
system to survive and grow:
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Whenever the environment offers new and different information, the system chooses
whether to accept that provocation and respond. This new information might
be only a small difference from the norm. But if the system pays attention to this
information, it brings the information inside, and once inside the network, the information
grows and changes. If the information becomes such a large disturbance
that the system can no longer ignore it, the real change is at hand. At this moment,
jarred by so much internal disturbance and far from equilibrium, the system will
fall apart. In its current form, it cannot deal with the disturbance, so it dissolves.
But the disintegration does not signal the death of the system. If a living system
can maintain its identity, it can self-organize to a higher level of complexity, a new
form of itself that can deal bettеr with the present” (italics mine).
When it comes to language policy and planning within standard language
cultures, it may be posited that communities of practice in which leaders emerge
can produce new language behavior that suits their particular communicative
needs and supports their individual or collective identities and ideologies. Standard
language cultures have been fully developed for centuries and their national
and political identities cannot be threatened by minor alterations introduced into
the standard language corpus. Thus, if we attempt to allow interested communities
of practice to use language in accordance with their own needs, we may also
allow them to create de facto language policies (Shohamy 2006: 3) which, unlike
the de iure language management or top-down language policies imposed by designated
experts and institutions, do not prescribe what should or should not form
part of the standard variety corpus, but rather base their choices on emergent 5
language behavior. Emergent language behavior is carried out through a large
number of high quality communicative interactions of low intensity within selforganized
communities of practice. Those are interactions which take place in
an atmosphere of positive and open-minded contacts in bona fide conversations
based on partnership, communal goals and cooperation (what is in conversation
analysis normally identified as ‘face-saving’ strategies, or ‘positive face’ (Kasper
2005: 6)).
Such language planning opens up towards changes in social structure and
adapts to particular demands of interested communities of practice. More often
than not it defies the de iure language policies defined through formal institutions
of language management. In the process of de facto language planning, leaders 6 ,
5 Emergence: „(…) the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the
process of self-organization in complex systems” (Goldstein 1999, cit. in Corning 2002).
6 Leaders thus can emerge from all strata of the society.