Примењена лингвистика у част Ранку Бугарском - Језик у

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Igor Lakić: WHAT IS ACTUALLY DISCOURSE ANALYSIS? autori vide diskurs kao proces, a tekst kao proizvod. Drugi smatraju da se analiza diskursa bavi prirodnim govorom, a analiza teksta pisanim tekstom, ali uz dosta preklapanja. Nama je najbliža podjela na govorni i pisani diskurs. Naime, pod analizom diskursa podrazumijevamo lingvističku analizu govornog diskursa i pisanog diskursa. Koristimo termin diskurs i uz govor i uz pisanje, jer smatramo da se u oba slučaja radi o jezičkoj upotrebi u odgovarajućem kontekstu, sa određenom namjerom, usmjerenoj ka određenoj publici, što sve upućuje na diskurs. Polazeći od shvatanja da je analiza diskursa u stvari analiza jezika u upotrebi, možemo reći da diskurs nije samo najviši nivo jezičke strukture, nego da on u sebe uključuje i sve druge nivoe – fonološki, morfološki, leksički, sintaksički, semantički. Tako riječi, fraze, klauze i rečenice nisu samo sintaksičke, već i diskursne jedinice koje sa svoje strane učestvuju u građenju diskursa. Svaka analiza određenog diskursa se sa teksta neminovno prenosi na ove niže nivoe jezičke strukture. Sve ovo pokazuje da ti niži nivoi dobijaju svoje puno značenje tek u kontekstu, što se može sagledati samo iz ugla analize diskursa. Kontekst u kome se jezičke jedinice nalaze može biti sam tekst, ali i nejezički kontekst, što lingvistiku povezuje sa antropologijom i sociologijom, preko antropološke lingvistike odnosno sociolingvistike, a tu su i discipline poput psiholingvistike, kognitivne lingvistike, pa i semiotike. Iz svega ovoga se izvodi zaključak da je analiza diskursa granična disciplina između jezičkih formi zaključno sa rečenicom, funkcija koje te forme imaju u jeziku i svijeta koji ih okružuje, ili konteksta u kome jezik postoji. To neminovno vodi do zaključka da je analiza diskursa vrlo hetorogena ali i vrlo multidisciplinarna u svom pristupu. Možemo reći da je diskurs bilo koja vrsta jezičke upotrebe koja ima određenu svrhu i kojom se prenosi određena poruka, u govornom ili pisanom obliku, u određenom kontekstu, sa ciljem uspostavljanja i održavanja komunikacije. U suštini, diskurs je jezik u svoj svojoj složenosti. U tom smislu, analiza diskursa predstavlja trenutno najobuhvatniji pristup proučavanju jezika. Analiza diskursa je, u stvari, kompletan lingvistički i nelingvistički pristup jezičkoj analizi. Ključne riječi: analiza diskursa, govorni diskurs, pisani diskurs, pragmatika, etnografija govora, kontekst, jezička upotreba. Igor Lakić Institut za strane jezike, Univerzitet Crne Gore e-mail: igorlakic@yahoo.com 180
Slavica Perović YOU WANT AN APOLOGY? WELL, I AM SORRY! UDK 81`42 Abstract. In this paper we will focus upon ritualistic and substantive apologies as two basic types of this speech act in Montenegro. Being dispreferred seconds, apologies carry a high level of FTAs and frequently comply with negative politeness in societies which tend to cherish power-related interpersonal behaviour. Preference of ritualistic apologies over substantive ones in Montenegro could be explained by a particular cultural script which favours hierarchy and the principle of seniority usually characterised by a high degree of distance and imposition. Apologies in Montenegro are regularly extended, ritualistically or converted into other speech acts or as a preparation for a completely different speech act. One of the fundamental reasons is to avoid the threat to face. Examples are given from other sources, too. Keywords: ritualistic apologies, substantive apologies, FTA, cultural script, face, speech act, dispreferred responses. Introductory remarks The title of this paper comes from an aphorism, and to a great extent reflects the essence of the speech act of apology as a costly commodity which is pragmatically conditioned, realised in a specific way in communication, and has one of the compensatory linguistic formulations contained in the IFID (Illocutionary Force Indicating Device). Apologies are a linguistic and pragmatic universal belonging to the politeness phenomena, and it would be hard to imagine language and communication in which there were no means for linguistic redress in the event of linguistic or other transgression. However, this universality can be “compromised” in a cultural script in which apology in its most obvious form, using a performative verb, may be undelivered. This happens when one moves from the verbal to the emotional level of communication, where “delivery” of politeness through apology happens in a non-standard way. Our starting assumption is that the Montenegrins very readily apologise through a category we refer to as ritualistic, and do so using a wide spectrum of nuance that falls under this type of apology. The theory that supports this paper relies on Goffman’s (1971) division of apology into ritualistic and substantive compensations According to him the former are those redressing virtual offenses 181
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PRIMENJENA LINGVISTIKA U ČAST RANK
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NOVA SERIJA IZ PRIMENJENE LINGVISTI
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SADRŽAJ / CONTENTS Nova serija iz
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Tatjana Paunović Intercultural com
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PRIMENJENA LINGVISTIKA U ČAST RANK
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JEZIK U UPOTREBI / LANGUAGE IN USE
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APPLIED LINGUISTICS IN HONOUR OF RA
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