history of soy yogurt, soy acidophilus milk and other ... - SoyInfo Center
history of soy yogurt, soy acidophilus milk and other ... - SoyInfo Center
history of soy yogurt, soy acidophilus milk and other ... - SoyInfo Center
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
quickly by hydrochloric acid at 80ºC for 8-10 hours.<br />
Chemical hydrolysis is a cheap <strong>and</strong> rapid process, but<br />
during the hydrolysis, various secondary reactions occur <strong>and</strong><br />
produce undesirable compounds, e.g. dark humins, furfurol,<br />
dimethyl sulfi de, hydrogen sulfi de, levulinic acid <strong>and</strong><br />
formic acid, which are not present in fermented <strong>soy</strong> sauce.<br />
Furfurol, dimethyl sulfi de <strong>and</strong> hydrogen sulfi de, which have<br />
strong, bad odors in themselves, are derived from pentose,<br />
methionine, <strong>and</strong> sulfur-containing amino acids respectively.<br />
Furthermore, tryptophane, one <strong>of</strong> the nutritionally important<br />
amino acids, is destroyed almost completely. As shown in<br />
Figure 1 [two chromatograms], the main organic acid <strong>of</strong><br />
fermented <strong>soy</strong> sauce is lactic acid, whereas the main organic<br />
acid <strong>of</strong> chemical <strong>soy</strong> sauce is formic acid. Levulinic acid,<br />
present in chemical <strong>soy</strong> sauce, does not exist naturally.<br />
“To improve the odors <strong>of</strong> chemical <strong>soy</strong> sauce,<br />
semichemical <strong>soy</strong> sauce was devised. It is made by<br />
hydrolyzing raw <strong>soy</strong>beans with a lower concentration <strong>of</strong><br />
hydrochloric acid (7-8%) as the fi rst step, followed by<br />
fermenting the hydrolysate with osmophilic yeasts in the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> wheat koji.” In Japan, chemical <strong>soy</strong> sauce is not<br />
used as a <strong>soy</strong> sauce in itself, but as an extender for fermented<br />
<strong>soy</strong> sauce.<br />
Table 1 gives the typical chemical composition (per 100<br />
ml) <strong>of</strong> the fi ve varieties <strong>of</strong> traditional <strong>soy</strong> sauce in Japan,<br />
including Bé [Baumé; a measure <strong>of</strong> the relative density <strong>of</strong><br />
liquids], sodium (koikuchi is lowest at 17.6%, usukuchi is<br />
highest at 19.2%), total nitrogen (koikuchi has 1.55 gm,<br />
tamari has 2.55 gm or 65% more), formol nitrogen, reducing<br />
sugar, alcohol (koikuchi is 2.2%, by far the highest), pH<br />
(ranges from 4.6 to 4.8), <strong>and</strong> color.<br />
A brief description <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> the fi ve traditional<br />
varieties: (1) Koikuchi: This “dark-colored” shoyu is by<br />
far the most popular <strong>of</strong> the fi ve types <strong>of</strong> fermented <strong>soy</strong><br />
sauce in Japan, comprising 85% <strong>of</strong> the total. It is an allpurpose<br />
seasoning with a strong aroma, complex fl avor,<br />
<strong>and</strong> deep, reddish-brown color. These characteristics are<br />
mainly derived from the use <strong>of</strong> equal amounts <strong>of</strong> wheat <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>soy</strong>beans in the koji; (2) Usukuchi [light-colored] shoyu is<br />
characterized by a lighter, red-brownish color <strong>and</strong> a milder<br />
fl avor <strong>and</strong> aroma. It is used mainly for cooking when one<br />
wishes to preserve the original fl avor <strong>and</strong> color <strong>of</strong> the food<br />
itself. As in koikuchi, equal amounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>soy</strong>beans <strong>and</strong> wheat<br />
are used in the koji, but the fermentation is done under<br />
conditions which prevent the development <strong>of</strong> a dark color.<br />
(3) Tamari shoyu has a higher amino acid content, but it<br />
lacks aroma. The koji is made primarily from <strong>soy</strong>beans with<br />
little or no wheat. (4) Saishikomi (twice-fermented) shoyu<br />
is made using equal amounts <strong>of</strong> wheat <strong>and</strong> <strong>soy</strong>beans in the<br />
koji, but using raw (unpasteurized) <strong>soy</strong> sauce instead <strong>of</strong> salt<br />
solution, which is mixed with the harvested koji. Saishikomi<br />
is characterized by aroma <strong>and</strong> full-bodied taste. (5) Shiro<br />
(clear, or “white”) shoyu is made by using a very high ratio<br />
<strong>of</strong> wheat to <strong>soy</strong>beans in the koji, <strong>and</strong> further by fermentation<br />
HISTORY OF SOY YOGURT & CULTURED SOYMILK 178<br />
© Copyright Soyinfo <strong>Center</strong> 2012<br />
under conditions which prevent dark color development. It is<br />
characterized by a very light yellow to tan color, though the<br />
amino acid content is very low because <strong>of</strong> the low <strong>soy</strong>bean<br />
content in the koji. Flow sheets (Figures 2-5) show the<br />
process for manufacturing koikuchi, usukuchi, <strong>and</strong> tamari<br />
shoyu. Each has three basic parts: Koji making process, brine<br />
fermentation process, <strong>and</strong> refi ning process.<br />
Concerning <strong>soy</strong> sauce production <strong>and</strong> consumption:<br />
The total annual production <strong>of</strong> <strong>soy</strong> sauce in Japan in 1979<br />
reported by the Japanese Agricultural St<strong>and</strong>ard (JAS) was<br />
1,252,431 kiloliters (kl). In 1979 in Japan, about 70% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>soy</strong> sauce products in Japan were purely fermented, 25%<br />
contained some semichemical <strong>soy</strong> sauce, <strong>and</strong> the remaining<br />
5% contained chemical (HVP) <strong>soy</strong> sauce. The most recent<br />
estimates <strong>of</strong> annual consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>soy</strong> sauce in the USA are<br />
as follows: Fermented <strong>soy</strong> sauce 17,850 kl; Chemical (HVP)<br />
<strong>soy</strong> sauce 25,500 kl. Within fermented <strong>soy</strong> sauce, production<br />
<strong>of</strong> koikuchi <strong>soy</strong> sauce is estimated to be 16,500 kl/year.<br />
In Japan an “instant t<strong>of</strong>u powder” is actually a spraydried<br />
<strong>soy</strong> <strong>milk</strong>. This product was made <strong>and</strong> introduced by<br />
Nihon Tanpaku Kogyo (Japan Protein Industry) about 15<br />
years ago (ca. 1966) <strong>and</strong> was used mainly as a raw material<br />
for making regular or silken t<strong>of</strong>u in order to save time.<br />
“Recently, however [1973], the product was placed on the<br />
market as an instant powdered t<strong>of</strong>u [named Hausu Hontôfu]<br />
by Hausu [House] Foods Co.”<br />
Other fi gures show: (5) Manufacturing process <strong>of</strong> rice<br />
miso. (6) Manufacturing processes <strong>of</strong> <strong>soy</strong> <strong>milk</strong> used for<br />
making t<strong>of</strong>u, regular t<strong>of</strong>u, <strong>and</strong> silken t<strong>of</strong>u. (7) Manufacturing<br />
process <strong>of</strong> freeze-dried t<strong>of</strong>u (kori-t<strong>of</strong>u). (8) Manufacturing<br />
process <strong>of</strong> fermented <strong>soy</strong> <strong>milk</strong> beverage. Lactobacillus casei,<br />
L. <strong>acidophilus</strong>, <strong>and</strong> L. bulgaricus are usually used as starters.<br />
One such product recently appeared on the market in Japan.<br />
A photo shows D. Fukushima. Address: Kikkoman<br />
Foods, Inc., Walworth, Wisconsin 53184.<br />
432. Robins-Browne, Roy M.; Levine, Myron M. 1981. The<br />
fate <strong>of</strong> ingested lactobacilli in the proximal small intestine.<br />
American J. <strong>of</strong> Clinical Nutrition 34(4):514-19. April. [24<br />
ref]<br />
• Summary: “The suggestion that partial or complete<br />
replacement <strong>of</strong> the Gram-negative intestinal fl ora by a<br />
Lactobacillus variety would improve health <strong>and</strong> prolong life<br />
dates back to the turn <strong>of</strong> the twentieth century (Metchnik<strong>of</strong>f<br />
1907, “The prolongation <strong>of</strong> life”). Since that time numerous<br />
attempts have been made, both in healthy subjects <strong>and</strong> in<br />
those with disorders ranging from chronic constipation to<br />
enterocolitis <strong>and</strong> septicemia, to supplant the usual so-called<br />
‘putrefactive’ fl ora with a ‘lactic’ variety (refs. 2-4). There<br />
are many claims for almost panacean effects <strong>of</strong> Lactobacillus<br />
therapy, the majority <strong>of</strong> which stem from uncontrolled<br />
observations on small numbers <strong>of</strong> patients” (refs. 2-5).<br />
This paper deals with jejunal colonization. Note: The<br />
jejunum is the middle section <strong>of</strong> the small intestine in