history of soy yogurt, soy acidophilus milk and other ... - SoyInfo Center

on the wall at the front of most classrooms, replacing them
with a photograph of Castro.
1962 Oct. 22–Cuban missile crisis after the U.S. learns
that the USSR had brought offensive nuclear missiles to
Cuba. President Kennedy orders a naval and air quarantine
on shipment of offensive military equipment to the island.
On Oct. 28 Kennedy and Soviet Premier Khruschev reach
an agreement on a formula to end the crisis. On Nov. 2,
Kennedy announced that the Soviet missile bases in Cuba
were being dismantled. 1962–the U.S. imposes an export
embargo, severely damaging the economy. The stated goal
of the embargo is to prevent Cuba from exporting violent
revolution to the hemisphere. They need hard currency to do
that. 1965–Che Guevara leaves Cuba to promote revolution
abroad. 1966–The Cuban Adjustment Act is passed by the
U.S. congress, stating that all Cuban refugees to the USA
will be considered political refugees and given automatic
admission to America. 1967–Che Guevara dies in Bolivia as
he works to spread the Cuban revolution. 1968–Cuba bans
all private enterprise and selling, increasingly following the
Soviet model of Socialism. Material incentives become the
motivating force for workers.
1975-78–Cuba sends troops to aid the Soviet-backed
faction (MPLA, Popular Movement for the Liberation of
Angola) in the Angola Civil War. MPLA wins control of
most of the country by 1976 and gains wide recognition as
the government of Angola after defeating UNITA (backed
by the USA and South Africa) and the National Front (based
in Zaire). The 16-year war offi cially ended in May 1991.
1977–U.S. and Cuba sign agreements to exchange diplomats
without restoring full ties.
1980–The Mariel boat lift–125,000? people are
forcefully expelled from Cuba; some were later discovered
to be criminals and mental patients. 1984–The USA invades
Grenada, causing great fear in Cuba. 1986 April–Fidel gives
a speech calling for a revamping of many Cuban economic
and political policies. 1987–A U.S.-Cuban agreement
provided for 20,000 Cubans to emigrate to the U.S. each
year. 1990–The “Special Period” begins. This is what
Cubans call the time since the Soviet Bloc fell apart in 1989
and they lost 75-85% of their foreign trade. Austerity and
hardship in Cuba starts to grow.
1991–Update. Cuba has resisted the social and economic
reforms that have swept the USSR and eastern bloc
countries. Castro is the last dictator (unelected totalitarian
ruler) in Latin America. The economy is in ruins–since
Cuba was dependent for 80% of its trade on the Soviet
bloc. The U.S. embargo on trade and telecommunications
is still in effect. Yet by 1991 the economic hardships have
bottomed out and the standard of living is slowly improving.
1991 Sept.–The USSR unilaterally offers to withdraw large
numbers of troops from Cuba. Cuba asks for U.S. troops to
leave Guantánamo Bay. President Bush predicts that within
a few years Cuba will be a democracy, and that the people
HISTORY OF SOY YOGURT & CULTURED SOYMILK 533
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will oust Castro the dictator. 1993 Aug.–Cuba legalizes the
ownership and use of the U.S. dollar by Cuban citizens.
1994–Cuba is now involved in a massive conversion to
sustainable development, including a conversion to organic
agriculture from chemical agriculture. 1995–Cuba is phasing
out its program that gives 1 liter of cow’s milk to every child
ages 7-14, and replacing the cow’s milk with soy yogurt
drink. By early 1995 Cuba has 15 soy drink factories in
operation, with plans for 37 factories by the end of 1995.
1372. SoyaScan Notes. 2012. Chronology of soymilk
worldwide–1500 A.D. to 1949. Part I. Compiled by William
Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center.
• Summary: 1500 A.D.–The earliest known written reference
to soymilk appears in China in a poem titled “Ode to Tofu,”
written by Su Ping
1665–Soymilk is fi rst mentioned by a Westerner,
Domingo Fernández de Navarrete, in his book A Collection
of Voyages and Travels. Navarrete served as a Dominican
missionary in China.
1790–Soymilk is mentioned by Juan de Loureiro in his
book The Flora of Cochin China. Loureiro was a Portuguese
Jesuit missionary who lived in what is now Vietnam. Note
that each of these and many other early references mentioned
soymilk as part of the process for making tofu.
1866–Soymilk is fi rst discussed as a drink in its own
right by the Frenchman Paul Champion, who traveled in
China. In a French-language article he stated that the Chinese
had taken their cups to tofu shops to get hot soymilk, which
they drank for breakfast.
1896 June–Soymilk is fi rst referred to in the United
States by Henry Trimble in the American Journal of
Pharmacy.
1909–The fi rst soy-based infant formulas and soymilk
made from full-fat soy fl our are developed in the United
States by John Ruhräh, a pediatrician. He reports his results
in the Archives of Pediatrics (July 1909).
1910–The world’s fi rst soy dairy, named Caséo-Sojaïne,
is founded by Li Yu-ying, a Chinese citizen, biologist and
engineer, at 46-48 Rue Denis Papin, Les Vallées, Colombes
(near Asnières), a few miles northwest of Paris. In December
1910 he applies for the world’s fi rst soymilk patents (British
Patents No. 30,275 and 30,351). The fi rst patent is titled
“Vegetable milk and its derivatives.” He is issued both
patents in Feb. 1912.
1913 June 13 Li Yu-ying is issued the fi rst U.S. soymilk
patent (No. 1,064,841), titled “Method of manufacturing
products from soja.” He fi led the application on 10 Oct.
1911.
1917–Soymilk is being produced commercially in the
U.S. by J.A. Chard Soy Products in New York City.
1929 Nov.–T.A. Van Gundy, founder of La Sierra
Industries in Arlington, California, launches La Sierra
Soy Milk, and becomes the fi rst Seventh-day Adventist